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History- Germany > The Nazi experiment 1929-1949: Society > Flashcards

The Nazi experiment 1929-1949: Society Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Hitler’s new ideology?

A

Volksgemeinschaft- wanted to overcome the traditional divisions of class and religion with 1 single German identity

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2
Q

When were trade unions shut down and what were they replaced with?

A
  • 1933
  • Replaced with German Labour Front (DAF)
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3
Q

What service was created in 1935?

A

German Labour Service (RAD)

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4
Q

What did the German Labour Service (RAD) do?

A

Forced every man aged 18-25 to complete 6 months training in a camp, wear military uniform, undertake physical exercise everyday, accept a basic living allowance

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5
Q

What did the German Labour Front do?

A
  • Intended to be a symbol of the nation
  • Produced posters promoting idealised Aryan workers
  • Those risen from humble beginnings were excluded from praise
  • Factory community was heralded as the 1st stage of assimilation into the ‘national community’
  • Ran training courses and offered various perks
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6
Q

When was Strength Through Joy created and what was it?

A
  • 1933
  • Created to organise workers’ leisure time
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7
Q

What did Beauty of Work do?

A
  • Ran propaganda campaigns to popularise good working practices and improve facilities
  • Competitions, outings and holidays were offered
  • Factory sports fields and swimming baths were opened
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8
Q

How did Hitler want women to see themselves?

A

As mothers

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9
Q

What measures did Hitler take to encourage motherhood?

A
  1. Birth control centres were closed
  2. Abortion was made illegal unless necessary for the eradication of genetic defects
  3. Maternity benefits were increased
  4. Income tax allowances for dependent children were raised
  5. 1939- The Honour Cross of German Motherhood was established to encourage women to ‘bear a child for the Fuhrer’ (‘best’ mothers were awarded medals)
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10
Q

What measures did Hitler take to ensure genetic purity?

A
  1. 1935- Couples needed a certificate of fitness to marry before a marriage license could be issued
  2. 1938- Unproductive marriages could be ended
  3. 1941- Couples found living together after their marriage had been banned could be sent to concentration camps
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11
Q

What measures did Hitler take to enforce the female role?

A
  1. 1933- Law for the Reduction of Unemployment offered allowances to women who gave up work
  2. 1934- All married women were compelled to leave careers in medicine, law and the civil service
  3. Women were declared ineligible for jury service and were discouraged from attending universities
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12
Q

When were women encouraged to return to factories?

A

1936- after a labour shortage began to affect rearmament plans

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13
Q

What are the examples of the measures against women being relaxed?

A
  1. 1937- Women no longer had to leave work to qualify for marriage loans + the policy of excluding women from higher information was relaxed
  2. 1943- Women aged between 16-45 became eligible for conscription to war
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14
Q

What measures did Hitler take to convey the Nazi ideology in education?

A
  1. Jewish theses were banned
  2. Biology lessons were used to teach social darwinism and racial difference
  3. History emphasised the glories of the German past and military heroism
  4. Geography, German, music and art lessons encouraged awareness of German culture and heritage
  5. Differentiation between male and female curriculum
  6. New subjects offered: genetics, racial theory, military studies
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15
Q

What measures did Hitler take to ensure the loyalty of teachers?

A
  1. They were controlled through the Nationalist Socialist Teachers’ League established in 1929 (over 95% of teachers belonged by 1937)
  2. Some were dismissed under the 1933 Civil Service Act
  3. 1939- All teachers became Reich civil servants
  4. Teachers were required to be actively anti semitic
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16
Q

When did membership of the Hitler Youth become compulsory?

A

1936

17
Q

What were the separate divisions for boys and girls in the Hitler Youth?

A
  1. Hitler Youth catered for boys aged between 6-18 years (aimed to train boys for war)
  2. League of German Maidens catered for girls aged between 10-21 years (aimed to train girls for motherhood)
18
Q

How hid Hitler ensure social conformity was maintained and was it successful?

A
  1. Propaganda (Nazi days, parades, speeches)
  2. 1933 Winterhilfe scheme- Introduced to help victims of the depression through doorstep collections of money, food and clothing, in order to show Germans helping each other (successful- 9 million received payments)
  3. Eintopf meal scheme- Encouraged families to only have 1 meal on Sundays in the winter and to donate the money saved (‘The meal of sacrifice for the Reich’- involvement seen as loyalty)- By 1942, due to receding unemployment, families were less inclined to do this, leading to Hitler threatening death to those who kept collections
19
Q

Why did Volksgemeinschaft lead to church allegiances being destroyed?

A

It demanded the removal of alternative sources of loyalty, the most powerful being churches (Catholics represented 58% of the population and Protestants represented 32%)

20
Q

What did Hitler do to the Protestant Church and was the reaction?

A
  • Protestant Reich Church established in 1933 with Muller as the bishop (Nazi supporter)
  • Muller led a branch known as the German Christians (they embraced Nazism by wearing a uniform with a swastika and demanding gospels be purged of Jewish texts)
  • A breakaway group of 100 pastors led by Niemoller refused to acknowledge the Reich Church and formed the Confessional Church in 1934 (had 500 clergy and wanted to protect the church from state interference)
  • In 1936 hundreds of confessional pastors were sent to concentration camps
21
Q

What was Hitler’s relationship with the Catholic Church?

A
  • By the Concordat of 1933 the Pope accepted the Nazi regime and Catholics were instructed to keep out of politics in return for their own control over their schools and community organisations
  • Although many Catholic priests were sent to concentration camps, there was no organised Catholic opposition and most preferred to ‘keep their heads down’
22
Q

What was the German Faith Movement?

A
  • Nazi movement to replace Christianity with a new faith
  • In the mid 1930’s a Church Secession campaign encouraged Germans to abandon churches
  • Carols and nativities were banned from schools in 1938
  • The word Christmas was forbidden and replaced with yuletide in war years
  • Had 200,000 supporters
  • However, Protestant and Catholic Church attendance remained steady until 1939 and then begun to increase
23
Q

Who were the asocials and what happened to them?

A
  • People who didn’t contribute to Nazi society
  • In 1933 around 500,000 of them were rounded up and given a permit which provided them with lodgings in return for compulsory work
  • Those that failed to work were sent to concentration camps and forced to wear a black triangle
24
Q

What was the Workshy Reich programme?

A
  • Happened in 1938
  • Juvenile delinquents were particularly targeted and sent to a youth concentration camp
  • Both old and young people could be forced to be sterilised and seen as social deviants
  • 10,000 were incarcerated
25
Q

Who were the main victims of Volksgemeinschaft?

A

Biological outsiders

26
Q

What could happen to people suffering from hereditary diseases from 1933?

A

Could be forced to sterilised, meaning they would be forbidden from marrying fertile partners

27
Q

What could happen to disabled people?

A
  • They were seen as burdens on the community
  • In 1939 a euthanasia programme was set up (initially targeted children under 3, but later extended to children up to 16)
  • By 1945, 5000 children had been murdered by lethal injection or deliberate malnutrition
28
Q

What secret programme was set up by Hitler?

A
  • 14F13 (1941-1943)
  • Led to the gassings of 30,000-50,000 people suffering from mental or physical illness
29
Q

What happened to Roma and Sinti people?

A
  1. They were included in the 1935 Nuremberg Law (banned marriage between aryans and non aryans)
  2. They were subjected to racial tests to make a distinction between true Roma and Sinti and those with some aryan blood (mischlinge)
  3. From 1940 they were deported to Poland to work in camps
  4. In 1942, 20,000 were transferred to Auschwitz (11,000 murdered there and 500,000 in Europe)
30
Q

What happened to Jewish people?

A
  1. Portrayed as the most serious racial threat to the German state
  2. 1933- 1 day boycott of Jewish shops and businesses
  3. 1933 Law for a Restoration of a Professional Civil Service- Jewish civil servants were dismissed
  4. 1935- Nuremberg Laws banned marriage between Jewish people and Germans and deprived Jewish people of German citizenship
  5. Jewish doctors, dentists and lawyers were forbidden from having aryan clients
  6. All Jewish people had to add Israel or Sarah to their name
31
Q

What was ‘the night the national soul boiled over’?

A
  • In 1938 a series of attacks (unofficially encouraged by the police) destroyed synagogues, Jewish businesses, homes and shops
  • Hundreds of Jewish people were injured
  • 91 Jewish people were murdered
  • 20,000 were sent to concentration camps
32
Q

What was life like for Jewish people after 1938?

A
  • They were banned from schools, cinemas, universities, theatres, sports facilities
  • They were forbidden to enter areas for aryans only
  • In 1939 Hitler threatened the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe through using war
  • In 1941 they were forced to wear a yellow star
  • 6 million were slaughtered by gassing in Auschwitz

History- Germany (13 decks)

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