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History- Germany > Empire to Democracy 1914-1929: Society > Flashcards

Empire to Democracy 1914-1929: Society Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the evidence for patriotism decreasing as the war progressed?

A

Army had to rely on conscripts from 1916

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2
Q

What was negatively affecting Germans by 1918?

A
  • The toll of 4 years of war
  • Food shortages
  • Spanish flu
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3
Q

When did the Weimar Republic grant women the right to vote and what did it lead to?

A
  • 1920
  • Led to 111 women being elected to the Reichstag
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4
Q

How were Jewish people increasingly assimilated into German society?

A
  • Made up 16% of Germany’s lawyers
  • Made up 11% of Germany’s doctors
  • Although only made up 1% of population
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5
Q

What was the period of 1924-1929 in Germany referred to as and why?

A

WHAT:
The time of stability
WHY:
- Political unrest ceased
- Period of increased living standards
- Age of mass consumerism and living culture

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6
Q

When was conscription into the army introduced and who could be conscripted?

A
  • 1916
  • Every man fit between the ages of 17 and 60
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7
Q

How did war effect the lives of women?

A
  1. Many sought to employment to compensate for their husbands at war
  2. Working class women left their domestic services for factories
  3. Wage differences decreased
  4. By 1918 over 1/3 of the total workforce was female and 25% had become union members
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8
Q

How did war effect the lives of families?

A
  1. Working/absent parents left children neglected
  2. Education was interrupted due to teachers going to war
  3. Poorer families suffered from malnutrition
  4. Nearly 40% of all children in Germany suffered from rickets during the war
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9
Q

What is some of the evidence to support the appalling conditions in Germany in 1918?

A
  1. Civilians reduced to starvation due to food levels diminishing (many lived on no more than 1000 calories a day)
  2. Electricity supplies cut to conserve energy
  3. Businesses couldn’t function
  4. Spanish flu caused 500,000 deaths
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10
Q

How were workers affected by the 1923 currency crisis?

A

Had to be paid daily or twice a day at the height of hyperinflation

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11
Q

How did the 1923 currency crisis affect German society?

A
  1. Young people couldn’t get jobs
  2. Pensions were badly hit (including war widows living on state pensions)
  3. Those who purchased fixed interest rate war bonds lost out due to the payments becoming worthless
  4. Landlords who relied on fixed rents were badly affected
  5. White collar workers lost their savings and pensions
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12
Q

How did the 1923 currency crisis/hyperinflation benefit society?

A
  1. Those who had debts, mortgages and loans could pay off all the money they owed
  2. Helped enterprising businesspeople who took out loans and repaid them when the currency further devalued
  3. Those with property who paid long term fixed rents gained due to the real value of their rents decreasing
  4. Owners of foreign exchange benefitted
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13
Q

What were the events during the expansion of social welfare from 1918-1927?

A

1920- War victims’ benefits were added to social welfare system + war related pensions provided for invalids, widows and orphans (more than 2.5 million people)
1922- Youth Welfare Act established a youth service to promote physical and social fitness
1923- National Insurance System extended the agreement between doctors and insurance companies to provide for the treatment of state supported patients
1924- Public assistance programme replaced older poor relief legislation
1925- Accident insurance programme allowed diseases linked to certain types of work to become insurable risk
1927- An act concerning Labour exchanges and unemployment insurance extended protection to 17.25 million workers

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14
Q

What schemes did the government of the Lander create for social improvement?

A
  1. Improved schools, hospitals, roads, electricity supplies
  2. Initiatives to provide affordable homes
  3. 179,000 dwellings built in 1925 (70,000 more than 1924)
  4. 1926- 205,000 more new homes built
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15
Q

How did welfare programmes negative affect society?

A
  1. In 1923, when many became unemployed, the system nearly collapsed
  2. The high taxation the schemes demanded led to friction between the elites and workers
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16
Q

What was the percentage of women in employment in 1925 compared to 1907?

A

1925- 35.6%
1907- 31.2%
(Mainly white collar jobs as female employment in domestic services and agriculture declined)

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17
Q

How were women’s lives improving?

A
  • Number of women going to higher education increased
  • Large numbers of female doctors and teachers
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18
Q

How were women still suffering within society?

A
  1. Both left and right political parties still believed women belong at home + assumed they would stop working when they married and would stay at home to have children
  2. Even the League of German Women’s Associations which had over 900,000 members encouraged women to undertake social work due to it being most fitting to their ‘natural qualities’
  3. Active resistance to women in the workplace
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19
Q

When was abortion legalised?

A

1926

20
Q

Why were families becoming smaller?

A

Cheaper methods of contraception became more widely available

21
Q

Which items contributed to the youth culture?

A
  1. Spread of cinemas
  2. Gramophones
  3. Radios
22
Q

Which ethnic minorities were most discriminated against within this time period?

A

Roma and Sinti

23
Q

How were Roma and Sinti individuals discriminated against?

A
  • Regarded as itinerant beggars
  • Forced into specially created campsites
  • Sent to workhouses if they had no job
24
Q

What is the evidence for Polish people being well assimilated into society?

A

Polish schools were established in the Ruhr

25
Q

Where was anti semitism most prominent?

A
  • In right wing nationalist groups, such as the Pan German League and National Socialists (blamed Jewish people for Germany’s defeat in WW1)
  • Strong in universities among members of DNVP and Zentrum
26
Q

How was the aristocracy affected?

A
  1. All titles and privileges removed
  2. Prussian Junker military aristocracy was undermined by demilitarisation
27
Q

How was the aristocracy changed?

A
  • Before 1918, they had been the class that supported the state, but from 1918 this position was changed and most aristocrats favoured radical right parties
  • Many became anti semitic
28
Q

Why did the army’s influence continue to increase?

A
  1. Weimar government’s need for a strong army to crush left wing revolts
  2. 1918 Ebert Groener Pact
  3. Long standing belief in military superiority (extremely difficult to eradicate since being so entrenched during the Kaiserreich)
  4. Military schools which trained officers and carried out secret rearmament perpetuated the influence of military elites
  5. Groener refused to allow any socialist criticism of the army or allow the Reichstag to restrict its activities
  6. Military budget increased by 75% between 1924-1928
29
Q

How did consumerism increase?

A

Ownership of radios, telephones and cars increased

30
Q

When did state controlled radio broadcasts begin?

A

1923

31
Q

What happened to farmers’ income by 1929?

A

44% below the national average

32
Q

What led to a cultural explosion in Germany?

A
  • A reaction to the pain of war
  • Removal of censorship
  • Allowed for cultural activity from psychology and philosophy through art, architecture, literature, film, music, fashion
33
Q

What was the new objectivity movement and what led to it?

A
  • A new style of painting and writing
  • War horror and disturbance of political extremism led to it
34
Q

What biases did art exhibitions often have?

A

Left wing bias

35
Q

What was the Bauhaus movement?

A
  • Very famous architecture movement
  • Developed by Walter Gropius in 1919
  • Popularised geometric designs
  • Emphasised the functionality of buildings and consumer items
36
Q

What did the new youth culture reflect?

A

Americanisation of society (chewing gum, cigarettes, fashion, women with cropped hairstyles)

37
Q

What was popular amongst youth culture?

A
  • Spectator sports
  • Dance halls
  • Hollywood films
38
Q

What was Berlin known as?

A
  • The ‘Avantgarde’ capital of Europe
  • 3rd largest city in the world after New York and London
  • Renowned for liberated night life, tolerance of same sex relations and its promiscuity
39
Q

What was the response to cultural experimentation?

A
  • Older generation saw it as a decline of their once great nation
  • Zentrum and right wing nationalist parties campaigned against ‘tides of filth’
  • In 1926 the Reichstag passed a law to protect youth from pulp fiction and pornography
  • The artist Grosz was fined for defaming the military
  • Lander governments imposed their own censorship rules
  • Pressure groups formed to campaign against female emancipation, nudism, homosexuality and Americanisation
  • Nazis exploited Jewish involvement in the arts and railed against un German behaviour by disrupting performances and exhibitions
40
Q

When was the sex reform movement?

A

1919-1933

41
Q

When was the sex reform movement?

A

1919-1933

42
Q

What were the aims of the sex reform movement?

A
  1. To give working class men and women access to information about birth control
  2. Reinforce abortion
  3. Provide more sexual and social freedoms to men and women
  4. Recognise all forms of sexuality
43
Q

Who was the sex reform movement supported by?

A
  • Liberal parties
  • Social democrat parties
  • Socialist parties
  • Communist parties
  • Doctors, writers, artists
44
Q

How big did the sex reform movement?

A

Became the largest non party mass movement (included hundreds-thousands of men and women)

45
Q

Why did the sex reform movement end?

A
  • The rise to power of the Nazi Party
  • Many of its supporters were persecuted by the Nazi’s, imprisoned or had to migrate
46
Q

What did the sex reform movement lead to the founding of and what did it campaign for?

A
  • The institute of sexual research in 1929
  • Campaigned for the social recognition of gay, bisexual and transgender men and women
  • Campaigned against their legal persecution
47
Q

How did the sex reform movement help prostitutes?

A
  • Fought for a reform for the regulation of prostitution
  • Aimed to prevent prosecution of prostitutes
  • Other countries cracked down on prostitution by declaring it a sexual crime, whereas Germany decriminalised it by implementing legislations such as ‘The law for combatting venereal disease’ in 1927
  • These laws required that doctors began treating women who came in with sexually transmitted diseases without persecuting them

History- Germany (13 decks)

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