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MBChB Year 1 Principles Microbiology > The Nature of Infection > Flashcards

The Nature of Infection Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What 2 main domains can life be split into?

A

Eubacteria (bacteria) and archaea (eukaryotes are found here)

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2
Q

What are the 4 major groups of human pathogens?

A

Protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses

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3
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Single celled animals (eukaryotes)

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4
Q

What are fungi?

A

High plant like organism (eukaryotes)

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5
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Generally small, single celled prokaryotes

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6
Q

What are viruses?

A

Very small obligate parasites (non-living)

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7
Q

What are some features of eukaryotes?

A

5-50mms, compartments, frequently multi-cellular, linear chromosomes (with histones), introns/exons, 80S ribosomes, no/flexible cell wall and a cell cycle (mitosis/meiosis)

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8
Q

What are some features of prokaryotes?

A

0.5-10mms, simple, often single celled, single circular chromosome, gene structure (introns are rare), 70S ribosomes, co-transcription/translation, rigid cell walls and a rapid cell cycle

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9
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

A prokaryotic structure containing DNA and proteins with no nuclear membrane, single circular chromosome, and primitive DNA segregation machinery

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10
Q

How is energy generated across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Electrons are released from high energy compounds in the cytoplasm to the membrane and pass through a series of electron acceptors. As a consequence protons passed outside the membrane produce a +ve charge and a proton gradient across the membrane

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11
Q

What is in the gram +ve cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan - rigid layer, barrier, repeated polysaccharide structure, gram +ve (thick multi-layer peptidoglycan) - target of penicillin. Much better at surviving the environment

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12
Q

What is in the gram -ve cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan - rigid layer, barrier, repeated polysaccharide structure, gram -ve (outer membrane, periplasm and thiner layer of peptidoglycan) - target of penicillin. It is much harder to penetrate a gram -ve with drugs to kill it

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13
Q

What is a lipopolysaccharide made of?

A

Glycolipid (lipid A, core polysaccharide and O-chain/antigen). Gram -ve (outer membrane is asymmetric and surface of nearly all LPS)

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14
Q

What is the role of lipopolysaccharide?

A

Structural role and antigen and bacterial toxin

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15
Q

What is the role of pili, flagella and fimbriae?

A

Used for adherence, sex, motility, invasion and pathology

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16
Q

What is flagellin?

A

A protein unit making up a multi stranded filament with core

17
Q

What is gram +ve fimbriae?

A

Non-flagella protein appendages

18
Q

What is gram -ve plus?

A

Pilin repeated protein unit with no motor

19
Q

What are the key differences in prokaryotic protein synthesis?

A

Co-transcription/translation, in the cytoplasmic membrane and there is no polyadenylation of transcript (adding a poly(A) tail to the mRNA)

20
Q

What is the use of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

A

Sonication and ethanol

21
Q

What is the use of the prokaryotic cell wall?

A

Penicillin and glycopeptides

22
Q

What is the use of the prokaryotic outer membrane and LPS?

A

Antibiotic uptake and inflammation

23
Q

What is the use of the prokaryotic chromosome

A

Gyrases antibiotic target

24
Q

What is the role of the prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis inhibitors

25
Q

What is prokaryotes food source?

A 
C source organic eg protein and sugars
C source inorganic eg fix CO2
O&H
N source eg amino acids, ammonia, inorganic salts  (P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Fe)
Trace elements - Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Mo
Vitamins
26
Q

What are the 3 types of prokaryotes classified by temperature?

A

Psycrophiles (low temp), thermophiles (high temp) and mesophiles (body temp)

27
Q

What is the optimal pH for prokaryotic growth?

A

Human commensals - 6.8-7.2

28
Q

What is the optimal osmotic protection for prokaryotic growth?

A

Human commensals - 0.85% NaCl

29
Q

What are the different types of prokaryotes as affected by oxygen?

A

Aerobes, micro-aerophiles, facultative anaerobes, obligate anaerobes and capnophilics (thrive in high conc CO2)

30
Q

What does the bacterial growth curve indicate?

A

How infection is spread

31
Q

What are the 4 targets for antimicrobials?

A

Cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes and DNA

32
Q

What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth?

A

Lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase and decline phase (LESD)

MBChB Year 1 Principles Microbiology (5 decks)

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