Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance Flashcards

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1
Q

How does natural resistance occur?

A

Target is not present (eg no cell wall), target not accessible, developmental structure/state (persistor cells and biofilms more resistant), and metabolism

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2
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Communities of micro-organisms in a 3D structure with interfaces - resistant to antimicrobial agents and host defences

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3
Q

What is a persistor cell?

A

Tolerant, metabolically inert subpopulation of cells - enriched in biofilms

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer?

A

Transformation (natural competence), transduction (bacteriophage) and conjugation (sex pili)

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5
Q

Cross resistance vs multiple resistance

A

Cross - single mechanisms related to antibiotics

Multiple - multiple mechanisms unrelated to antibiotics

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6
Q

What are the mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance?

A

Altered permeability (influx and efflux) and inactivation (beta-lactamase - ESBL, and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase)

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7
Q

What do beta-lactamases do?

A

Break open the beta-lactam ring

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