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Biology 2 > The Nature of Genes > Flashcards

The Nature of Genes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

DNA molecules found inside of cells packaged in long strands

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2
Q

What is DNA?

A

A long molecule made of building blocks called nucleotides

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3
Q

What is each nucleotide made out of?

A

Nitrogen containing base
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate

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4
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

Anti-parallel double helix

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5
Q

What are the four different nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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6
Q

What are the nitrogen base pairs?

A

AT
CG

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7
Q

What are triplets/codons?

A

A sequence of three nucleotide bases that code for one amino acid

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8
Q

What are alleles?

A

Variations of the same gene

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9
Q

Why are alleles different?

A

Different base sequencing

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10
Q

Which allele is expressed?

A

The dominant one

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11
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

DNA wrapped around a histone (proteins)

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12
Q

What is a gene?

A

Specific segment of DNA that has information about a specific part of how the organism should work. They ‘code for a specific protein molecule’

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13
Q

What are the two arms of a chromosome?

A

P and Q

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14
Q

What is the name for the longer arm of the chromosome?

A

Q arm

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15
Q

What is the name for the shorter arm of the chromosome?

A

P arm

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16
Q

What do chromosome classifications depend on?

A

Shape
Size
Position of centromere
Sex determining or not
Gene position

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17
Q

What is a telocentric chromosome?

A

Barely/no p arm

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18
Q

What is an arocentric chromosome?

A

Small amounts of p arm

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19
Q

What is a submetacentric chromosome?

A

Almost equal p and q arm length

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20
Q

What is a metacentric chromosome?

A

Equal p and q arm

21
Q

What is a locus?

A

A gene’s unique position

22
Q

What is a spacer?

A

Region between genes that doesn’t code for anything

23
Q

What does ploidy mean?

A

The amount of chromosomes set a cell carries

24
Q

How many chromosomes does a human somatic cell have?

A

46

25
Q

What is a homologus chromosome?

A

Chromosomes with the same genes at the same loci. Same in length, gene location, and centromere position

26
Q

What is an autosome?

A

Chromosomes not involved in sex determination

27
Q

What is an allosome?

A

Sex-determining chromosome

28
Q

What does homogametic mean?

A

Homologous sex chromosomes

29
Q

What does heterogametic mean?

A

Non-homologous sex chromosomes

30
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

An individual’s complete set of chromosomes

31
Q

What is a karyogram?

A

A photo of a karyotype

32
Q

What is Kleinfelter Syndrome?

A

XXY

33
Q

What is Turner Syndrome?

A

X

34
Q

What is an aneuploidy?

A

Abnormal amount of chromsomes

35
Q

What is a trisomy?

A

Extra chromosome

36
Q

What is a monosomy?

A

One less chromosome

37
Q

What is Down Syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21

38
Q

What is Patau Syndrome?

A

Trisomy 13

39
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Process by which sperm cell production occurs

40
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Process by which egg cell production occurs

41
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Organism’s genetic make up

42
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Organism’s observational traits

43
Q

What does the term heterozygous mean?

A

Two different alleles

44
Q

What does the term homozygous mean?

A

Same alleles

45
Q

What does the term hemizygous mean?

A

Only one X chromosomes

46
Q

What is established with multiple alleles?

A

Hierarchial system

47
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

When molecular events occur in the DNA without altering the DNA sequencing

48
Q

What is DNA methylation?

A

When a small molecule is added to a part of the DNA, stopping the allel from working

49
Q

What does royal jelly do?

A

Stop DNA methylation, so the queen bee develops

Biology 2 (6 decks)

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