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Biology 2 > Reproductive Strategies > Flashcards

Reproductive Strategies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

genetically identical offspring produced from just one parent

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2
Q

what organisms use asexual reproduction?

A

Fungi, bacteria, many plants, some animals

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3
Q

What process does asexual reproduction use?

A

For all but prokaryotes, mitosis is used where each daughter cell receives a copy of a new chromosome from the parent cell

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4
Q

When is asexual reproduction efficient?

A

When enviro conditions are ideal

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5
Q

WHen is asexual reproduction a disadvantage?

A

when enviro conditions change

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6
Q

Methods of asexual reproduction?

A

Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore formation
Vegetative propagation
Parthenogenesis

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7
Q

What is fission common among?

A

unicellular organisms e.g. bacteria and protozoans

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8
Q

What occurs in fission?

A

A single parent cell divides into 2 approximately equal parts which will each become a new individual identical to the other.

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9
Q

What are the two types of fission?

A

Longitudinal along the longest axis of a cell
OR transverse along the shortest axis of a cell

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10
Q

What occurs in budding?

A

An outgrowth or bud forms from the parent and becomes a new individual

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11
Q

What does budding occur in?

A

Yeast, hydra, sponges

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12
Q

How is budding different to fission?

A

Cytoplasm split is unequal

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13
Q

What is fragmentatio?

A

Parent body breaks into 2 or more parts, each then develops into a new individual

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14
Q

How is fragmentation different to fission?

A

Occurs in multicellular organisms

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15
Q

What organisms use fragmentation?

A

Flatworms, echinoderms, marine worms

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16
Q

What is spore formation?

A

mitosis is used to create spores, which are capable of germinating into a new individual.

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17
Q

what are spores surrounded by?

A

a tough coat to help them survive harsh environmental conditions

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18
Q

What organisms use spores?

A

moulds, mosses, ferns

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19
Q

what is vegetative propagation?

A

new plants may develop from roots, stems or leaves of parent plants through mitosis

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20
Q

What does vegetation propagation not include?

A

spores or seeds

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21
Q

What is a rhizome?

A

Underground plant stem that grows horizontally. e.g. iris, ginger

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22
Q

What is a stolon?

A

Above ground plant stem that grows horizontally e.g. grass, violet

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23
Q

What is a tuber?

A

Modified plant stem that stores nutrients. e.g. potato, sweet potato, carrot

24
Q

What is a bulb/corm?

A

underground storage stems that store lateral buds

25
Q

What is another name for pathenogenesis?

A

Virgin birth

26
Q

What is pathenogenesis?

A

Development of an egg without fertilisation

27
Q

What species can pathenogenesis occur in?

A

lizards, birds, insects

28
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Efficient
Don’t need to find a mate
In favourable conditions, species can grow quickly
No need for a mate
Offspring are well suited to environment

29
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Lack of genetic variation
too much population growth
If enviro cahnges, lack of genetic diversity can lead to extinction of population

30
Q

What are germ cells?

A

Cells that give rise to sperm and egg cells

31
Q

What is another word for germ cell?

A

Gamete, sex cell

32
Q

How many chromosomes does a somatic cell?

A

23 pairs, 46 individual

33
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

All 46 chromosomes duplicate themselves (so now 46 double stranded chromosomes with 92 molecules of DNA) and form a line down the centre of the cell.
46 chromosomes go to one side, the other 46 go to the other.

34
Q

What happens in meiosis?

A

46 chromosomes duplicate themselves. That means there are now 92 chromatids. In the first anaphase, the homologus pairs split. In the second anaphase, the chromosomes split. Result is four genetically different offspring

35
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

46 chromosomes, 2n

36
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

23 chromosomes, n

37
Q

What does fertilisation result in?

A

Two haploid cells fuse to form a zygote

38
Q

What happens after fertilisation?

A

Mitosis causes the zygote to form a new individual

39
Q

What is genetic recombination?

A

Some of the genetic material from two homologus chromosomes is switched

40
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Potential for long term evolution

Elimination of unfavourable genetic variation is more efficient

Genetic variation occurs and beneficial variation is selected more efficiently

Enables population to more ably adapt and survive environmental changes

41
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Reproductive rate is slower – fewer offspring produced over a longer time span

Recombination may break apart beneficial combinations and introduce non-beneficial variations

Potential for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases

Requires a high energy input from parents

42
Q

What is cloning?

A

The production of new individuals with identical information to the parent organism

43
Q

What are some artificial methods of cloning?

A

cuttings and grafts
tissue culture
embryo splitting
nuclear transfer

44
Q

How does ‘cuttings’ occur?

A

A segment of the plant (room, stem, etc) are removed and placed into water or soil. it grows into its own organism

45
Q

What is grafting?

A

where part of a stem from one plant (scion) is transferred to the cut stem of another plant which has well-developed roots (rootstock)

46
Q

In grafting, what does the genetic material come from?

A

the scion

47
Q

Advantages of grafting

A

increased yield,
increased tolerance to cold,
resistance to disease, early fruiting
and the production of new varieties
of plants, more efficient and rapid
growth of desired plant varieties

48
Q

What is a tissue culture?

A

Fragments or single cells are selected from a parent plant and grown in a culture medium

This medium contains nutrients and hormones to encourage plant growth and plants are sterilised against contamination from fungi and bacteria

49
Q

Pros and cons of a tissue culture?

A

Thousands of species quickly

Labour intensive, expensive

50
Q

What is embryo splitting?

A

Formation of genetically identical offspring when an embryo is split in the very early stages of its development. Surrogate mothers get the embryos

51
Q

What happens after embryo splitting?

A

Farmers use IVF techniques to ‘harvest’
eggs, then fertilise them in a petri dish

52
Q

What is SCNT?

A

SOmatic Cell Nuclear Transfer.
Nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg and replaced with a nucleus from an adult somatic (non-sex) cell
Egg is then transplanted into a surrogate mother where it develops into a new individual
New individual is identical to the donor of the somatic cell (not the egg cell donor)

53
Q

Negatives of SCNT

A

Susceptibility to disease
High failure rate
Adverse health effects
Premature ageing
Cloned food products

54
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

when a chromosome does not separate during meiosis

55
Q

What are some issues that can occur during meiosis?

A

deletion – removal of a chromosomal segment

duplication – a segment is repeated

inversion – a segment is reversed

translocation - a segment
is moved to another
non-homologous chromosome

Biology 2 (6 decks)

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