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HR3 NATURE OF GOVERNMENT > THE NATURE, EXTENT & EFFECTIVENESS OF OPPOSITION > Flashcards

THE NATURE, EXTENT & EFFECTIVENESS OF OPPOSITION Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the two chief proponents of the Populist cause?

A

Chernyshevsky and Lavrov.

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2
Q

In what years did the Narodniks go to the peasants?

A

1874 and 1876

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3
Q

What did Chernyshevsky publish? When?

A

What is to be Done? In 1863.

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4
Q

What campaign did Lavrov organise?

A

‘Going to the People’ from 1873 to 74, involving approximately 4000 university students.

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5
Q

What formed in 1876?

A

Land & Liberty.

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6
Q

What year did the People’s Will form? What did they turn to?

A
  1. Turned to ‘the propaganda of the deed’ (violence) as a means to spark revolution.
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7
Q

Who was a notable member of Land & Liberty? What did they do?

A

Vera Zalsulich who shot and injured General Trepov in 1878.

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8
Q

What was the significance of the Vera Zalsulich case?

A

She was acquitted in April 1878 and exiled in Switzerland despite all evidence. Never again would the government risk the open courts.

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9
Q

Who led the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1901?

A

Chernov.

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10
Q

What two groups did the Socialist Revolutionaries split into by 1905?

A

Left-wing SRs and the more moderate right-wing SRs.

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11
Q

How many political killings were the left SRs responsible for? Give a two examples of people who were assassinated by this group.

A

2000.

Including Grand Duke Sergei and Vyacheslav Plehve.

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12
Q

How did NII deal with the opposition presented by the SRs? What was the later issue with this?

A

Stolypin’s Necktie.

Stolypin was assassinated by a members of the SRs in 1911.

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13
Q

Who did the right SRs appeal to?

A

Peasants.

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14
Q

When were the SDs founded?

A

In 1898.

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15
Q

Which group assassinated AII?

A

People’s Will.

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16
Q

Who were the SDs influenced by?

A

An interpretation of Marx’s work by George Plekhanov.

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17
Q

What was the name of the notable liberal group under AII? Give two people who were part of this group.

A

Intellegensia.

Herzen & Bakunin.

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18
Q

What were liberal ideas supported by under the Tsars?

A

The emergence of the Zemstva and the mid-1890s revival of the concept of a Zemstva union.

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19
Q

What was formed in 1904 as liberal opposition? Who created it?

A

Union of Liberation - demanded greater freedoms and justice for all Russians.
Struve.

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20
Q

What two liberal opposition groups were formed after the 1905 October Manifesto?

A

Kadets and Octoberists.

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21
Q

Who led the Kadets?

A

Milyukov.

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22
Q

What significant action did the Kadets along with the Trudoviks take after the closing of the first Duma?

A

Vyborg Manifesto.

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23
Q

Who was the leader of the Octoberists?

A

Guchkov.

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24
Q

Why was there a lack of successful opposition before 1917?

A

Due partly to the control exerted by successive tsars, but also the lack of unity within and between opposition groups.

25
Q

What was the main concern for the PG?

A

The growing strength of workers’ committees, especially in Petrograd.

26
Q

What clearly shows that opposition towards the Bolsheviks was substantial?

A

The elections to the Constituent Assembly.

The Bolsheviks lost 175 seats to 370 for the SRs.

27
Q

What was Lenin’s initial justification for the closing down of the Constituent Assembly?

A

‘The Russian soviets place the interest of the toiling masses far above the interests of treacherous compromise disguised in a new garb’.

28
Q

When did the SDs split? Into what two groups?

A

1903 - Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

29
Q

Who led the Mensheviks? Who was involved in the Mensheviks originally?

A

Martov.

Trotsky was originally a member.

30
Q

Where is there evidence of political opposition in the Civil War?

A

White armies - political opponents from the Constituent Assembly.

31
Q

What did the existence of Green armies suggest about the nature of the civil war and opposition?

A

Not simply about party politics, but also concerned conflicts about nationalities and regions.

32
Q

Who is an example of a dissident tag the Tsars randomly removed from their post?

A

Witte, finance minister from 1892 to 1903, unexpectedly demoted to chairman of ministers. But later given the role of Prime Minister from 1905-6.

33
Q

What clique formed within the Politburo after Lenin’s death?

A

Triumvirate consisting of Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin to combative growing influence of Trotsky.

34
Q

What did the left emphasise the need for under Trotsky? What did the right emphasise? After Lenin’s death.

A 
Left = press for Permanent Revolution.
Right = need for socialism in one country.
35
Q

What did Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev respond to Stalin’s split with them by forming?

A

The United Opposition Group.

36
Q

What happened to Trotsky after forming the United Opposition group in 1927? Then later in 1929?

A

Expelled from the party, and after continuing to provoke trouble was exiled to Kazakhstan. In 1929 he was expelled from the USSR all together.

37
Q

Who was removed in 1929? Which two members also suffered demotions?

A

Bukharin was removed from his positions.

Tomsky and Rykov also suffered.

38
Q

What happened to those who opposed Stalin’s collectivisation measures?

A

Lost their party card, reducing total membership by about a tenth.

39
Q

What happened to members of the Politburo from the mid-1930s?

A

Exiled or executed after being branded ‘oppositionists’.

40
Q

What was the difference in dealing with opposition in Khrushchev’s time in power?

A

De-stalinisation resulted in an end to purging and greater tolerance of political criticism.

41
Q

What was a notable success for workers under NII?

A

October Manifesto.

42
Q

What rose in 1956?

A

The minimum wage.

43
Q

Which peasants tended to be more involved in political opposition?

A

Older, more educated peasants.

44
Q

Why was peasant opposition taken so seriously?

A

As they constituted 70-80% of the population at any point.

45
Q

What changed in the attitude of peasants after the Emancipation Edict?

A

Became more inventive and politically intelligent in the methods they used to demand improvements.

46
Q

How did peasants oppose after the Emancipation Edict?

A

Appropriated ‘private’ and state land, refused to pay taxes, robbed warehouses and stores, physically attacked landowners and resorted to incendiary.

47
Q

What peasant revolt in 1906-7 was initially put down with a great deal of force?

A

The Black Earth Revolts.

48
Q

What seemed to pacify peasants? When did opposition restart again after this?

A

Stolypins reforms from 1908 to 1914, but the upheaval of the First World War ignited another phase of peasant revolt.

49
Q

What were established by some peasants in the Civil War period? Who led these?

A

A number of quasi-independent peasants armies, led by heroes such as Chapayev.

50
Q

When did large numbers of peasants die? Due to what?

A

Thousands of peasants died as a result of the different phases of collectivisation there was opposition to the scale and speed of reform, and the loss of the mir (dismantled in 1930).

51
Q

How were peasants affected by Khrushchev’s rule?

A

Little rural unrest, though Khrushchev’s agricultural policies were not especially successful.

52
Q

When did workers become more susceptible to opposition groups?

A

When the pace of industrialisation quickened, especially during and after Witte’s ‘Great Spurt’.

53
Q

What is an example of poor working conditions?

A

No factory inspectorate until 1882. 10-hour working days were not introduced until 1914.

54
Q

What workers strike occurred in 1885?

A

Morozov dye works, involved over 8000 workers.

55
Q

What was the most famous strike during the WW1 period?

A

23rd February 1917 at the Putilov works in St Petersburg.

56
Q

What was there a rise in for workers by the 1940s?

A

Rise in the number of workers suicides accosted with the pressures of failing to meet production targets.

57
Q

What was opposition like during WW2?

A

No strikes, although there were early examples of a lack of support for the conflict.

58
Q

What is an example of a workers strike in Khrushchev’s period?

A

1962: workers at Novocherhassk protested against food shortages and rising food prices.

HR3 NATURE OF GOVERNMENT (8 decks)

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