IDEOLOGY

Question 1

What did the Tsar expect as part of the ideological belief of autocracy?

Answer 1

‘expected willing and total submission of his subjects’.

Question 2

What attitude did the Tsars have towards the people?

Answer 2

Paternalistic - a duty to protect his subjects.

Question 3

How was autocracy viewed as a necessity?

Answer 3

With Russia being so vast, it seemed better if just one person ruled.

Question 4

What did Pobedonostev believe about liberal democracy?

Answer 4

Be disastrous for Russia, as it would have led to too many people demanding too many different policies.

Question 5

How did NII use propaganda to promote ideology? How was this reinforced?

Answer 5

Used slogans such as, ‘Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality’. This was reinforced through legislation such as the Fundamental Laws.

Question 6

What did AII do after the assassination attempt by Karakozov in 1866?

Answer 6

Adhered very strongly to the concept of autocracy.

Question 7

What did AII bring censorship under in 1863?

Answer 7

The Ministry of the Interior, who had the ability to forbid certain topics from discussion.

Question 8

Who were the two individuals AII appointed as part of this move back towards autocracy in 1866?

Answer 8

Count Dimitri Tolstoy as Education Minister.

Count Peter Shuvalov as Head of the Third Section.

Question 9

How did AIII quickly restore a more repressive, autocratic style of rule?

Answer 9

Opposition such as the People’s Will was ruthlessly suppressed, as part of the ‘Reaction’.

Question 10

What did AIII pass in August 1881? What did it do?

Answer 10

Statute of State Security - significantly strengthened and extended the powers of the state in pursuit of revolutionaries.

Question 11

What did AIII state in his manifesto which demonstrated a return to repressive autocracy?

Answer 11

“With faith in the strength and rightness of autocratic power”.

Question 12

Why were constitutional reforms passed in NII’s reign?

Answer 12

Forced on the Tsar as a result of economic crisis and the Russo-Japanese War.

Question 13

What notion did the Fundamental Laws of 1906 reinforce?

Answer 13

The Duma would always be accountable to the Tsar.

Question 14

What did the 1907 Electoral Laws do?

Answer 14

The number of peasants, workers and national minorities in the Duma drastically reduced.

Question 15

What was the Russian concept of dictatorship partly derived from?

Answer 15

The writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles.

Question 16

What did Lenin believe about the reaction of the authorities to the St Petersburg strikes proved?

Answer 16

That the ‘superstructure’ would always prevail to keep workers in their place.

Question 17

What did the labour theory of value claim?

Answer 17

Under a capitalist economy the proletariat would never gain the full value of their efforts.

Question 18

How much of the population were workers in 1928?

Answer 18

Only 20% - Marx believed Russia was not the kind of place where revolution would happen.

Question 19

What would emerge before full communism?

Answer 19

A dictatorship of the proletariat in which political control would be placed in the hands of the workers and those representing their interests.

Question 20

What did the Bolsheviks under Lenin and Stalin do to this ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’?

Answer 20

Modified the guidelines to suit the circumstances they found themselves in.

Question 21

How is this ideological idea of a ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ contradicted under Lenin’s war communism?

Answer 21

Rationing worked on a class-based system and more people were leaving cities as Petrograd lost 70% of its inhabitants.

Question 22

What did the result of the civil war mean for Marxism-Leninism?

Answer 22

Although the Bolshevik Reds defeated the Whites, this did not safeguard Marxism-Leninism.

Question 23

What did Trotsky push towards instead of the ‘bourgeois’ NEP?

Answer 23

A move towards ‘Permanent Revolution’ which entailed spreading communism through the world and not just Russia.

Question 24

What did NEP in particular show about Lenin?

Answer 24

Like the tsars, he adjusted his ideology and policies to starve off opposition.

Question 25

What did Stalin implement?

Answer 25

Totalitarianism - a centralised form of dictatorial government.

Question 26

What did Stalin argue about the ‘base’ of society? How did he implement this?

Answer 26

Could only be permanently changed by utilising a particular type of ‘superstructure’ - which he implemented through a command economy centred on 5YPs and collectivisation.

Question 27

What ideological belief did Stalin’s ‘dekulakisation’ reinforce?

Answer 27

Class enemy.

Question 28

What did Stalin centre propaganda on to reinforce ideology?

Answer 28

Centred on the cult of personality and repression.

Question 29

What was assumed to follow Stalin’s death in line with ideology?

Answer 29

A collective leadership.

Question 30

How did Khrushchev go about establishing himself through Malenkov?

Answer 30

By 1955, under pressure from Khrushchev, Malenkov was forced to resign and be replaced by Bulganin who was far more sympathetic toward Khrushchev.

Question 30

What did Khrushchev make a speech on at the Twentieth Party Congress in 1956?

Answer 30

‘The Cult of the Individual and its Consequences’.

Question 31

What were three of the criticisms Khrushchev gave of Stalin in his de-Stalinisation speech?

Answer 31

• He had never been accepted by Lenin.
• Created a state unprepared for war in 1941.
• Committed a range of unforgivable crimes.

Question 32

What did Khrushchev have to be careful to do through the secret speech?

Answer 32

Not tarnish the reputation of Communism, but only Stalinism.

Question 33

Who were the Anti-Party Group?

Answer 33

Opposed Khrushchev and attempted to abolish the post of first secretary of the party, which would’ve destroyed Khrushchev’s power base.

Question 34

What were the three main features of de-Stalinisation?

Answer 34

• Release of political prisoners from labour camps.
• Relaxation of Censorship.
• The erosion of legacy of the cult of personality.

Question 35

Where did Khrushchev demonstrate ruthless ‘Stalinist’ rule?

Answer 35

The Hungarian uprising, 1956.