The Musculoskeletal System And Exercise

Question 1

Describe the muscle membranes

Answer 1

Epimysium covers the whole muscle

Perimysium covers each fascicle

Endomysium surrounds each muscle fibre

Question 2

Describe the formation of muscles

Answer 2

Muscle belly

Fasciculi

Muscle fibre

Myofibril

Sarcomere

Question 3

Describe a tendon

Answer 3

Tendons are strong, inelastic strap like structures that attach muscle to the periosteum

Question 4

How is human movement achieved

Answer 4

By muscle tissue pulling on bone to produce motion at mobile joints

Question 5

What is the outer membrane of the muscle called

Answer 5

Epimysium

Question 6

What is the term given to a bundle of muscle fibres

Answer 6

Fasciculi

Question 7

What is the outer sheath of a bundle of muscle fibres called

Answer 7

Perimysium

Question 8

What is the name of the membrane around each muscle fibre

Answer 8

Endomysium

Question 9

Individual muscle fibres are formed from what structure

Answer 9

Myofibrils containing the contractile proteins in compartments called sarcomeres

Question 10

What mechanism results in the muscle contraction

Answer 10

The sliding filament theory

Question 11

What are the two types of myofilaments

Answer 11

Actin and myosin

Question 12

What is the name given to the compartments that myofilaments are arranged in

Answer 12

Sarcomeres

Question 13

Which are the thin and which are the thick myofilaments

Answer 13

Actin are thin

Myosin are thick

Question 14

Which structure attaches to the actin filaments and pulls on these filaments

Answer 14

Myosin heads

Question 15

Why is calcium important to muscle contraction

Answer 15

Calcium causes the blocking molecule to move away from the myosin binding site thus allowing the primed myosin head to bind with the actin and rotate in what is called the power stroke

Question 16

Describe the location and function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 16

Surrounding the myofibrils is a network of tubes called the sarcoplasmic reticulum, these act as calcium reservoirs. Nervous system stimulation of the SR causes release of calcium

Question 17

Identify the three types of muscle fibres

Answer 17

Type one slow twitch

Type 2A intermediate twitch fibres

Type 2B fast twitch fibres

Question 18

Which muscle fibre is most associated with a long duration Aerobie activities

Answer 18

Type one

Question 19

Which muscle fibre type is very anaerobic in nature

Answer 19

2 B

Question 20

Which type of muscle fibre will take on more slow twitch or fast twitch characteristics depending on the training stimulus

Answer 20

2 a

Question 21

What is the term for the soreness experienced in muscles 1 to 3 days after exercise

Answer 21

Delayed onset muscle soreness DOMS

Question 22

Which axis of movement is generally associated with the sagittal plane of movement

Answer 22

The medial lateral axis

Question 23

Which plane of movement is generally associated with the longitudinal axis of movement

Answer 23

Transverse plane

Question 24

List the joint actions and planes of movement available at the shoulder joint

Answer 24

Flexion / extension horizontal flexion and extension, abduction / addiction, internal and external rotation

Sagittal

Frontal

Transverse

Question 25

Name the muscles of the rotator cuff

Answer 25

Teres minor

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Question 26

The shoulder girdle is comprised of what bony structures

Answer 26

Scapula and clavicles

Question 27

Describe the attachments and actions of the quadratus lumborum muscle

Answer 27

Origin iliac crest

Insertion 12th rib and transverse processes of L1-4

Lateral flexion and extension of spine and Laterally tilts the pelvis

Question 28

Describe the difference between the shoulder and hip joints

Answer 28

The shoulder allows a greater range of movement but is less stable and the hip is more stable and allows a small range of movement

Question 29

Which is the only bi axle muscle of the quadriceps muscle group

Answer 29

Rectus Femoris

Question 30

Identify the three bones that form one half of the pelvis

Answer 30

Ilium

Pubis

Ischium

Question 31

Identify two groups of ligament associated with the pelvic girdle

Answer 31

Sacroiliac ligaments

Sacrotuberous ligaments

Sacrospinious ligaments

Symphysis pubis ligaments

Question 32

Which five muscles internally rotate the shoulder joint

Answer 32

Deltoids

Sub scapularis

Teres major

Latissimus dorsi

Pectoralis major

Question 33

Name the rotator cuff muscles

Answer 33

Teres minor

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Question 34

Which muscles retract the shoulder girdle

Answer 34

Rhomboids

Trapezius

Question 35

What are the primary concentric actions of the piriformis muscle

Answer 35

Abduction and external rotation of the hip

Question 36

Name the muscles that flex the hip joint

Answer 36

Iliacus or psoas and the rectus femoris

Question 37

What are the concentric actions of the gluteus maximus muscle

Answer 37

Extension external rotation and abduction of the hip

Question 38

What are the concentric actions of the quadratus lumborum muscle

Answer 38

Lateral flexion and extension of the spine and laterally tilts the pelvis

Question 39

Name the five hip adductor muscles

Answer 39

Adductor Magnus

Adductor longus

Adductor brevis

Pectineus

Gracilis

Question 40

What are the three hamstring muscles

Answer 40

Bicep femoris

Semimembranosus

Semitendinosus

Question 41

What are the concentric actions of the gastrocnemius muscle

Answer 41

Plantarflexion of ankle and flexion of the knee