The Heart And Circulatory System Flashcards
What is the heart muscle called
Myocardium
Where are the semi Luna valves located
At the base of the arteries leaving the heart. The aorta and the pulmonary artery
What are the valves between the atria and the ventricles called
The atrioventricular valves
How many coronary arteries are there
Two, left and right
The right coronary artery supplies blood to which part of the heart?
The myocardium of the right ventricle
The left coronary archery supplies blood to which part of the heart
The left ventricle and the posterior of the heart
What is the term used to describe hardening of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
Describe two changes that occur in arteries as a result of plaque formation
Arteries become thicker harder and less elastic
Narrower and less able to stretch in response to increase bloodflow
Reduced blood flow and therefore oxygen to tissues or organs
Name to risks associated with hypertension
Ischaemic heart disease - valve disease or heart attack
Cerebrovascular disease - strokes and vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s
What is angina pectoris
Strangled chest chest pain on exertion that settles with rest
What is myocardial infarction
Heart attack
List five lifestyle factors that could contribute to blood vessel disease
Lack of exercise Stress Unhealthy diet Being overweight Smoking
What is another name for a stroke
Cerebrovascular accident or CVA
What is the term used to describe a reduction in blood flow or lack of blood
Ischaemia
What is blood pressure
Blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
What unit is blood pressure measured in
MMHG millimetres of mercury
What is cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
What is total peripheral resistance
The resistance the blood vessels offer to bloodflow
Describe systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Systolic pressure is the pressure exerted on artery walls during contraction phase of the heartbeat
Diastolic pressure is the pressure exerted on the artery walls during relaxation phase of the heartbeat
What is the average blood pressure
120/80 mmHg
What blood pressure reading would indicate stage two hypertension
160 to 179 / 100 to 109
What blood pressure reading would be a contra indication to exercise
180/110
What is considered to be a low blood pressure reading
Less than 100/60
What is the Valsalva affect
When the breath is held while straining or a force exhalation against a closed airway. This increases pressure in the thoracic cavity and impedes Venus return this can drastically increase blood pressure and increase the risk of cardiovascular event
What are the short term effects of aerobic exercise on systolic blood pressure
A linear increase in blood pressure with increased levels of exertion
What are the short-term effects of aerobic exercise on diastolic blood pressure
May decrease slightly due to vasodilation or may remain unchanged
Hypertensive this may experience arise due to impaired vasodilatory response
What short term effects does heavy resistance training have on diastolic blood pressure
It significantly increases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure
What is stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat
Name three long-term changes caused by regular aerobic training
Increased stroke volume Lower relative exercise heart rate Stronger more elastic arteries Reduced blood pressure Reduced resting heart rate Increased maximum cardiac output Improved aerobic capacity V02 max Improve blood supply to bodies tissues Lower levels of bad cholesterol and higher levels of good cholesterol A higher level of haemoglobin in the blood Lower blood pressure in the long term Improved the O2 max
What is the function of the heart valves
To prevent unwanted back flow of blood
What is the hearts primary function, how big is it and where is it located?
To push blood into the tissues it’s the size of a man’s clenched fist and is located behind and to the left of the sternum
Describe the structure of the heart
It consists of four chambers, two upper smaller Chambers called atria and two larger Chambers called ventricles.
How does the blood enter the right atrium?
Through either the inferior or superior Vena Cava.
How is deoxygenated blood ejected to the lungs by the right ventricle
Via the pulmonary artery
How does oxygenated blood enter the left atrium
Via the pulmonary vein
How does the left ventricle eject blood
Via the Aorta
How are the atrioventricular valves anchored
By tendon like chords ( chordae tendineae)
What is the heart pacemaker called
Sino atrial node
Where is the Sino atrial node located
In the wall of the right atrium
Where do the two coronary arteries branch out from
The base of aorta
What is myocardial ischaemia
Reduction in blood flow to the heart through coronary circulation
Name symptoms of vascular disease
Reduced ability to exercise
Chest pain and heart attacks
Strokes and kidney disease
What affect on bloodflow can atherosclerosis have
It can create more turbulent bloodflow further damaging vessel walls
What blood pressure reading equals hypertension
Greater or equal to 140/90
What are the causes of an ischaemic stroke
Thrombosis
Or an embolism
What causes a haemorrhagic stroke
An intracranial haemorrhage linked to an aneurysm
At what blood pressure reading should the client seek medical advice before exercise
144/94
What short-term effects may hypertensives experience to their diastolic blood pressure when engaging in aerobic exercise
They may experience a rise in diastolic blood pressure due to impaired vasodilatory response
What other long-term effects of aerobic exercise using large muscle groups On mild to moderate hypertensives
An average Decrease in the both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of around 10 mmHg
What are the cardiovascular risks of exercise for people with high blood pressure
Increased risk of stroke during and immediately after exercise
Increased risk of heart attack during and immediately after exercise
