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Level 3 Personal Training > The Heart And Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Heart And Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart muscle called

A

Myocardium

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2
Q

Where are the semi Luna valves located

A

At the base of the arteries leaving the heart. The aorta and the pulmonary artery

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3
Q

What are the valves between the atria and the ventricles called

A

The atrioventricular valves

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4
Q

How many coronary arteries are there

A

Two, left and right

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5
Q

The right coronary artery supplies blood to which part of the heart?

A

The myocardium of the right ventricle

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6
Q

The left coronary archery supplies blood to which part of the heart

A

The left ventricle and the posterior of the heart

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7
Q

What is the term used to describe hardening of the arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

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8
Q

Describe two changes that occur in arteries as a result of plaque formation

A

Arteries become thicker harder and less elastic
Narrower and less able to stretch in response to increase bloodflow
Reduced blood flow and therefore oxygen to tissues or organs

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9
Q

Name to risks associated with hypertension

A

Ischaemic heart disease - valve disease or heart attack

Cerebrovascular disease - strokes and vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s

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10
Q

What is angina pectoris

A

Strangled chest chest pain on exertion that settles with rest

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11
Q

What is myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack

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12
Q

List five lifestyle factors that could contribute to blood vessel disease

A 
Lack of exercise
Stress
Unhealthy diet
Being overweight
Smoking
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13
Q

What is another name for a stroke

A

Cerebrovascular accident or CVA

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14
Q

What is the term used to describe a reduction in blood flow or lack of blood

A

Ischaemia

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15
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

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16
Q

What unit is blood pressure measured in

A

MMHG millimetres of mercury

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17
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

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18
Q

What is total peripheral resistance

A

The resistance the blood vessels offer to bloodflow

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19
Q

Describe systolic and diastolic blood pressure

A

Systolic pressure is the pressure exerted on artery walls during contraction phase of the heartbeat

Diastolic pressure is the pressure exerted on the artery walls during relaxation phase of the heartbeat

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20
Q

What is the average blood pressure

A

120/80 mmHg

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21
Q

What blood pressure reading would indicate stage two hypertension

A

160 to 179 / 100 to 109

22
Q

What blood pressure reading would be a contra indication to exercise

A

180/110

23
Q

What is considered to be a low blood pressure reading

A

Less than 100/60

24
Q

What is the Valsalva affect

A

When the breath is held while straining or a force exhalation against a closed airway. This increases pressure in the thoracic cavity and impedes Venus return this can drastically increase blood pressure and increase the risk of cardiovascular event

25
Q

What are the short term effects of aerobic exercise on systolic blood pressure

A

A linear increase in blood pressure with increased levels of exertion

26
Q

What are the short-term effects of aerobic exercise on diastolic blood pressure

A

May decrease slightly due to vasodilation or may remain unchanged

Hypertensive this may experience arise due to impaired vasodilatory response

27
Q

What short term effects does heavy resistance training have on diastolic blood pressure

A

It significantly increases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure

28
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat

29
Q

Name three long-term changes caused by regular aerobic training

A 
Increased stroke volume
Lower relative exercise heart rate
Stronger more elastic arteries
Reduced blood pressure
Reduced resting heart rate
Increased maximum cardiac output
Improved aerobic capacity V02 max
Improve blood supply to bodies tissues
Lower levels of bad cholesterol and higher levels of good cholesterol
A higher level of haemoglobin in the blood
Lower blood pressure in the long term
Improved the O2 max
30
Q

What is the function of the heart valves

A

To prevent unwanted back flow of blood

31
Q

What is the hearts primary function, how big is it and where is it located?

A

To push blood into the tissues it’s the size of a man’s clenched fist and is located behind and to the left of the sternum

32
Q

Describe the structure of the heart

A

It consists of four chambers, two upper smaller Chambers called atria and two larger Chambers called ventricles.

33
Q

How does the blood enter the right atrium?

A

Through either the inferior or superior Vena Cava.

34
Q

How is deoxygenated blood ejected to the lungs by the right ventricle

A

Via the pulmonary artery

35
Q

How does oxygenated blood enter the left atrium

A

Via the pulmonary vein

36
Q

How does the left ventricle eject blood

A

Via the Aorta

37
Q

How are the atrioventricular valves anchored

A

By tendon like chords ( chordae tendineae)

38
Q

What is the heart pacemaker called

A

Sino atrial node

39
Q

Where is the Sino atrial node located

A

In the wall of the right atrium

40
Q

Where do the two coronary arteries branch out from

A

The base of aorta

41
Q

What is myocardial ischaemia

A

Reduction in blood flow to the heart through coronary circulation

42
Q

Name symptoms of vascular disease

A

Reduced ability to exercise
Chest pain and heart attacks
Strokes and kidney disease

43
Q

What affect on bloodflow can atherosclerosis have

A

It can create more turbulent bloodflow further damaging vessel walls

44
Q

What blood pressure reading equals hypertension

A

Greater or equal to 140/90

45
Q

What are the causes of an ischaemic stroke

A

Thrombosis

Or an embolism

46
Q

What causes a haemorrhagic stroke

A

An intracranial haemorrhage linked to an aneurysm

47
Q

At what blood pressure reading should the client seek medical advice before exercise

A

144/94

48
Q

What short-term effects may hypertensives experience to their diastolic blood pressure when engaging in aerobic exercise

A

They may experience a rise in diastolic blood pressure due to impaired vasodilatory response

49
Q

What other long-term effects of aerobic exercise using large muscle groups On mild to moderate hypertensives

A

An average Decrease in the both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of around 10 mmHg

50
Q

What are the cardiovascular risks of exercise for people with high blood pressure

A

Increased risk of stroke during and immediately after exercise

Increased risk of heart attack during and immediately after exercise

Level 3 Personal Training (3 decks)

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