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Pre-med biology > The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the muscular system?

A

Six hundred muscles attached to bones via tendons (enable motion when contract to pull bones).

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2
Q

What is the articular system?

A

Joint = a place where two bones meet (enable flexibility + motion).

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3
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

Two hundred and six bones + tissues such as cartilage + the ligaments connecting them. They are alive - blood vessels + nerves + made up of cells.

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4
Q

What are tendons and ligament?

A

Tendons = muscle - bone. Ligaments = bone -bone.

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5
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Support body + preserve shape.
  2. Joints permit movement.
  3. Protection.
  4. Blood cell production.
  5. Storage of minerals.
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6
Q

What are the types of bones and the differences between them?

A

(Sesamoid + irregular + flat + long + short).
Size, shape + percentages of spongy bones and compact bone differ.

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7
Q

What is the epiphysis and the diaphysis?

A

Epiphysis = end of the long bone (spongy bone fills with marrow) (shape = bulbous) - stability to joints.
Diaphysis =shaft of the long bone (compact bone) (shape = cylindrical) - strong support without cumbersome weight.

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8
Q

What is the endosteum and the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteum = Thin, fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity.
Medullary cavity = Tube-like hollow space in the diaphysis.

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9
Q

What is the joint cartilage?

A

Layer of cartilage that covers the surface of the epiphysis.

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10
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

White, fibrous membrane that covers the bone + attaches tendons to bones + formed of cells that form or destroy bone + sends blood vessel branches into the bone.

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11
Q

What is the bone matrix formed of?

A

(Intercellular substance that forms the mass of bone)
Organic - (Structural protein collagen) fibres + (ground substance) mixture of polysaccharides and proteins . (Strength of bone + resilience)
Inorganic - Hydroxyapatite = calcium + phosphate crystals oriented to effectively resist mechanical deformation.

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12
Q

What is the structure of the flat bone?

A

Spongy bone = inner portion + compact bone = outer portion. Periosteum covers the bone.

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13
Q

What are the structural units of compact bone?

A

(Structural units) = osteons. Surround central canal + connected by transverse canals + osteocytes in each unit + permit nutrient delivery through blood vessels.

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14
Q

What are the types of lamellae?

A

(Extracellular rings of matrix in + surrounding the osteons).
Concentric = calcified matrix rings surrounding the central canal.
Interstitial = layers between the osteons.
Circumferential = surround osteons.

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15
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Small spaces containing tissue fluid in which osteocytes are located between the tough layers of calcified matrix.

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16
Q

What are canaliculli?

A

Ultra-small canals in each direction from lacunae + connecting each other to the central canal.

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17
Q

What is the central canal?

A

The tube running lengthwise through each osteon filled with blood vessels.

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18
Q

What is the structure of spongy bone?

A

(Trabeculae, not osteons) Nutrients transported through small canals, supplied by blood from marrow in spongy bone. Trabeculae = plates arranged along lines of stress to improve strength of bone.

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19
Q

What are the types of bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts = small, bone-forming cells (secrete osteoid into which calcium + phosphorus deposited).
Osteoclasts = multinucleated giant cells with a lot of ribosomes + lysosomes that actively erode minerals.

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20
Q

What are the two types of marrow?

A

Red marrow = produces red blood cells.
Yellow marrow = saturated with fat.

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21
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

(Epithelial, muscle, nervous + connective)

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22
Q

What is endochronal ossification?

A

(Type of osteogenesis) Small cartilage model - formation spreads from centre to ends. Periosteum develops - primary ossification centre forms - blood vessels enter at midpoint of diaphysis - ossification progresses towards each epiphysis - secondary ossification centres appears in epiphyses progressing towards diaphysis - epiphyseal plate stays between epiphyses + diaphysis till growth finished.

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23
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Mesenchymal tissue to bone - group of cells differentiate into osteoblasts clustered together at ossification centre where they secrete matrix within a tissue membrane - fibres embedded - calcium deposited in matrix - trabeculae + spongy bone form - osseous tissue added + compact bone forms.

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24
Q

What is the first zone of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Zone of proliferation = cartilage cells undergoing mitosis, causing the layer to toughen + the plate to increase in size.

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25
Q

What is the second zone in the epiphyseal plate?

A

Zone of hypertrophy = older, enlarged cells ceasing to undergo mitosis.

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26
Q

What is the third zone in the epiphyseal plate?

A

Zone of calcification = dying cartilage cells undergoing rapid calcification (toughens up tissue).

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27
Q

What is the fourth zone in the epiphyseal plate?

A

Zone of ossification = Osteoblasts replace chrondocytes.

28
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

Primary osteons form start to form - Tube-like space + canals + hollowed out by osteoclasts - Pockets called lacunae formed by osteoblasts trapping osteocytes - blood vessels + nerves spread in canals - The combined action of osteoblasts + osteoclasts grow the bone in length + diameter.

29
Q

What are the features of cartilage?

A

Perichondrium = fibrous covering + chondrocytes receive nutrients and oxygen via diffusion + type of avascular connective tissue so no blood vessels or canals + fibers embedded in a firm gel + flexibility of firm plastic. (Types = no. elastic + collagenous fibres and matrix amounts).

30
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Strong + rigid. Small quantities of matrix + lots of fibrous elements.

31
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Elastic + resilient. Plenty of elastic fibres e.g. epiglottis.

32
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

Joint surfaces of bones. Forms from special cells in chondrification center that secretes matrix. Chondrocytes isolated into lacunae. Smooth surfaces.

33
Q

What is the role of cartilage?

A

Tough + rubberlike = permits cartilage to sustain weight. Strong yet pliable support structure.

34
Q

What types of growth does cartilage undergo?

A

Endogenous growth = cartilage cells divide + secrete matrix. Early adolescence/ childhood whilst soft + capable of outward growth.

Exogenous growth = Throughout life. Chondrocytes in the perichondrium divide + secrete matrix, deposited on the surface so size (up).

35
Q

What are the differences between cartilage + bone?

A

Cartilage can fold + bend easily at parts whereas bone cannot be bent or stretched.

Soft + flexible tissue whereas hardest part of the body.

Cannot break whereas able to break resulting in a fracture.

Salts dissolved in cartilage whereas calcium + phosphate in bone.

36
Q

What is a prime mover?

A

A muscle that directly performs a specific movement.

37
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A mover muscle that directly moves a muscle.

38
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

The muscles that when contracting directly oppose prime movers.

39
Q

What is a synergist?

A

The muscles that contract at the same time as prime movers to facilitate the prime mover action to produce a more efficient movement.

40
Q

What is the origin in muscles?

A

The point of attachment that does not move when a muscle contracts.

41
Q

What is the insertion in muscles?

A

The point of attachment that does move when a muscle contracts.

42
Q

What is the muscle pair at the shoulder joint?

A

Pectorals major (coracobrachialis) = Flexion. Latissimus Dorsi (Teres major) = Extension.

43
Q

What is the second muscle pair at the shoulder joint?

A

Subscapularis (latissimus dorsi) - Rotation inwards. Infraspinatus (Teres minor) = rotation outwards.

44
Q

What is the structure of the muscles?

A

The muscle is surrounded by the epimysium. The fascicles wrap around fiber bundles (surrounded by the perimysium). The muscle fibers are surrounded by the endomysium. Each muscle fiber has a threadlike shape and is made up of thin + thick filaments (actin + myosin).

45
Q

What is the sarcomere?

A

The sarcomere = The smallest contractile unit.

46
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

The muscle cells’ cytoplasm.

47
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The plasma membrane of muscle cells.

48
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Thin + thick filament bundles (actin + myosin) that slide past each other during muscle contraction.

49
Q

What are T Tubules?

A

Tube like projections of the sarcolemma near the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The membrane has calcium ion pumps that transport calcium ions between the sarcoplasm. This enables action potentials to be sent deeper into the cell.

50
Q

What is a triad?

A

The sandwich of a T tubule between two sacs of SR. Enables membranes of adjacent sacs of SR to be stimulated.

51
Q

What is the Z disk?

A

The end borders of the sarcomere.

52
Q

What is the M line?

A

The center of the sarcomere.

53
Q

What is the H zone?

A

The region in the center of the sarcomere that contains just thick filament.

54
Q

What is actin?

A

Spherical protein that forms two fibrous strands twisted around each other to form the thin filament.

55
Q

What is myosin?

A

Forms the thick filaments + the “heads” are chemically bonded to the actin molecules (forms cross bridges when attached to actin).

56
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

Protein that blocks the active sites on actin.

57
Q

What is troponin?

A

Protein that hold the tropomyosin molecules in place.

58
Q

What is the structure of thin + thick filaments in the sarcomere?

A

Thin filaments attach to the Z disk and extend partway towards the center. Thick filaments are not attached to the Z disk.

59
Q

What is an action potential?

A

The rapid shift in the membrane potential.

60
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The point where the motor neuron and the sarcolemma meet.

61
Q

What are the steps in muscular contraction between the motor neuron and the receptor?

A

The action potential travels down the motor neuron - Triggers the neurotransmitter acetylcholine release into the synaptic cleft - acetylcholine diffuses across the synapse + binds to the receptor molecule on the sarcolemma.

62
Q

What are the steps in muscular contraction following the receptor?

A

The action potential spreads along the sarcolemma to the T tubules triggering the Ca gates to open in the SR membrane + the release of Ca ions into the sarcoplasm - The Ca ions bind to troponin so there is no molecule holding the tropomyosin in place so the tropomyosin shifts exposing the active sites on actin - The myosin heads bind to the active sites on actin + bend due to the energy released from ATP to pull the thin filaments past them - Each head releases, binds to the next active site, then pulls again - The muscle shortens.

63
Q

What are the steps in muscular relaxation?

A

The calcium ions are actively pumped back into the sacs by the SR - Calcium ions are thereby removed from the troponin molecules shutting down the contraction.

64
Q

What are red fibers and white fibers?

A

Red fibers = muscle fibers with high levels of oxymyoglobin (excess oxygen attached to myoglobin). White fibers = muscle fibers with low levels of oxymyoglobin.

65
Q
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66
Q
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Pre-med biology (5 decks)

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