The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What are the 4 key functions of the skeleton?
- Support
- Locomotion
- Protection
- Storage
What are the 5 sections of the vertebral column?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Caudal
What is the Axial skeleton?
Includes vertebral column, runs from skull to tip of tail
What is the Appendicular skeleton?
Limbs and attachments
Function of long bones? Give an example.
Support weight of body, movement
E.g. femur / fibula / tibia / humerus / radius / ulna
Function of short bones? Give an example.
Stability and some movement
E.g. tarsals / carpals
(wrist & ankle joints)
Function of flat & irregular bones? Give an example of each.
Protect internal organs
E.g. flat bone - skull = protect brain
irregular bone - vertebrae = protect spinal cord
Function of sesamoids (bones)? Provide an example.
Reinforce tendons
E.g. patella/kneecap & any tendons of hands and feet
Name the 6 types of synovial joins
Hinge
Pivot
Ball and Socket
Gliding
Condyloid
Saddle
Give 4 ranges of movement within a synovial joint and state what they mean
Flexion - reduce angle between two bones
\ OR //
Extension - increase angle between two bones
\ OR //
Adduction - move towards body
\ OR //
Abduction - move away from body
\ OR //
Rotation - joint can twist on own axis
\ OR //
Gliding - surfaces of joint slide over one another
\ OR //
Protraction - move limb forwards away from body
\ OR //
Retraction - move limb back towards body
Name the 3 types of joints found in the body
- Fibrous - no movement
- Cartilaginous - some movement
- Synovial - wide range of movement
Outline 1 function of hyaline cartilage
Reduces friction
What does the synovial membrane do? What does this do to the joint?
Produce synovial fluid which lubricates the joint
The fibrous joint capsule provides what for the synovial joint?
Protection
Give an example of a ball and socket joint
Shoulder / hip
Give an example of a hinge joint
Elbow / knee
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
To protect the body, for thermoregulation, for storage, for secretion
Names of glands found in the dermis layer of the skin?
- Eccrine (sudoriferous) sweat gland
- Sebaceous gland (waterproof and lubrication)
What are the types of hair and their functions?
Downy hair - undercoat for insulation
Guard hair - protective outer coat
Tactile hair - whiskers, sensory
What is the difference between nails and claws?
Nail matrix form on top of dermis
Claws made from keratinised epithelium layer of dermis
What is the difference between antlers and horns?
Antlers are made of bone, horns are made of keratin
Arctic foxes have adapted to survive in cold climates.
Explain the role of the skin and its appendages in maintaining the foxes internal body temperature (4 marks)
• Downy hairs (1) for insulation (1)
• Subcutaneous layer of skin provides fat (1) for insulation (1)
• Dermis layer also helps fox to thermoregulate as contains blood vessels and hair follicles
What are the feather types and their functions?
Contour - shape and colour
Down - soft and fluffy for insulation
Semiplume - beneath contour, insulation
Flight - wings and tail for strong fligh
Bristle - around eyes and mouth for protection
Filoplume - on nerve endings for sending information
What is locomotion?
The movement from one place to another
