The Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What are the 4 key functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

1. Support
2. Locomotion
3. Protection
4. Storage

Question 2

What are the 5 sections of the vertebral column?

Answer 2

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Caudal

Question 3

What is the Axial skeleton?

Answer 3

Includes vertebral column, runs from skull to tip of tail

Question 4

What is the Appendicular skeleton?

Answer 4

Limbs and attachments

Question 5

Function of long bones? Give an example.

Answer 5

Support weight of body, movement
E.g. femur / fibula / tibia / humerus / radius / ulna

Question 6

Function of short bones? Give an example.

Answer 6

Stability and some movement
E.g. tarsals / carpals
(wrist & ankle joints)

Question 7

Function of flat & irregular bones? Give an example of each.

Answer 7

Protect internal organs
E.g. flat bone - skull = protect brain
irregular bone - vertebrae = protect spinal cord

Question 8

Function of sesamoids (bones)? Provide an example.

Answer 8

Reinforce tendons
E.g. patella/kneecap & any tendons of hands and feet

Question 9

Name the 6 types of synovial joins

Answer 9

Hinge
Pivot
Ball and Socket
Gliding
Condyloid
Saddle

Question 10

Give 4 ranges of movement within a synovial joint and state what they mean

Answer 10

Flexion - reduce angle between two bones
\ OR //
Extension - increase angle between two bones
\ OR //
Adduction - move towards body
\ OR //
Abduction - move away from body
\ OR //
Rotation - joint can twist on own axis
\ OR //
Gliding - surfaces of joint slide over one another
\ OR //
Protraction - move limb forwards away from body
\ OR //
Retraction - move limb back towards body

Question 11

Name the 3 types of joints found in the body

Answer 11

1. Fibrous - no movement
2. Cartilaginous - some movement
3. Synovial - wide range of movement

Question 12

Outline 1 function of hyaline cartilage

Answer 12

Reduces friction

Question 13

What does the synovial membrane do? What does this do to the joint?

Answer 13

Produce synovial fluid which lubricates the joint

Question 14

The fibrous joint capsule provides what for the synovial joint?

Answer 14

Protection

Question 15

Give an example of a ball and socket joint

Answer 15

Shoulder / hip

Question 16

Give an example of a hinge joint

Answer 16

Elbow / knee

Question 17

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 17

To protect the body, for thermoregulation, for storage, for secretion

Question 18

Names of glands found in the dermis layer of the skin?

Answer 18

• Eccrine (sudoriferous) sweat gland
• Sebaceous gland (waterproof and lubrication)

Question 19

What are the types of hair and their functions?

Answer 19

Downy hair - undercoat for insulation
Guard hair - protective outer coat
Tactile hair - whiskers, sensory

Question 20

What is the difference between nails and claws?

Answer 20

Nail matrix form on top of dermis

Claws made from keratinised epithelium layer of dermis

Question 21

What is the difference between antlers and horns?

Answer 21

Antlers are made of bone, horns are made of keratin

Question 22

Arctic foxes have adapted to survive in cold climates.

Explain the role of the skin and its appendages in maintaining the foxes internal body temperature (4 marks)

Answer 22

• Downy hairs (1) for insulation (1)
• Subcutaneous layer of skin provides fat (1) for insulation (1)
• Dermis layer also helps fox to thermoregulate as contains blood vessels and hair follicles

Question 23

What are the feather types and their functions?

Answer 23

Contour - shape and colour
Down - soft and fluffy for insulation
Semiplume - beneath contour, insulation
Flight - wings and tail for strong fligh
Bristle - around eyes and mouth for protection
Filoplume - on nerve endings for sending information

Question 24

What is locomotion?

Answer 24

The movement from one place to another

Question 25

What are the 6 types of locomotion and their scientific names?

Answer 25

Swimming (natorial)
Gliding (volant)
Flight (volant)
Climbing (scansorial)
Running (cursorial)
Hopping/leaping (saltaorial)

Question 26

How are cheetahs adapted for running?

Answer 26

Long limb bones, lightweight skeleton

Question 27

How are monkeys adapted for climbing?

Answer 27

Keratinised nails/claws for grip, opposable hands and feet

Question 28

How are fish adapted for swimming?

Answer 28

Caudal vertebrae adapted to long tail, short neck + elongated head (streamlining)

Question 29

How are mammals adapted for swimming?

Answer 29

Short femur, long tibia + fibula
Webbed digits

Question 30

How are frogs adapted for hopping?

Answer 30

Elastic tendons, long and powerful hind limbs, reduced forelimb bones, elongated metatarsals

Question 31

How are flying squirrels adapted for gliding?

Answer 31

Patigium - fold of skin between forelimbs and hindlimbs, tail to direct movement

Question 32

How are birds adapted for power flight?

Answer 32

Feathers, lightweight bones with honeycomb structure, long bones for wing structure

Question 33

Give 3 giraffe skeleton adaptations

Answer 33

• Dense limb bones
• No muscles in lower limbs for stability & efficiency
• Hooves to support & protect, provide traction when running

Question 34

Give 2 bird skeleton adaptations

Answer 34

• Air cavities in bones - weight reduction + increase oxygen reaching cells
• Fewer bones than mammals and reptiles - reduce weight + increase stability

Question 35

What is hip dysplasia?

Answer 35

When the ball and socket joint don’t fit together, deteriorates joint over time

Causes reduced activity, difficulty running or jumping, decreased movement in joint, pain

Question 36

Give 2 musculoskeletal disorders.

Answer 36

Hip dysplasia / Osteoarthritis / Osteochondritis