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Animal Biology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Get food from environment - chemical or light e.g. photosynthesis

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2
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Rely on plants/animals for nutrients as cannot get energy from environment

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3
Q

What are the key functions of water?

A

50-70% of animal’s body weight
Allows chemical reactions to happen
Aids thermoregulatory system

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4
Q

What are the key functions of fibre?

A

Regulate bowel function, aids removal of waste

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5
Q

What are the key functions of carbohydrates?

A

Broken down into glucose = energy for cells, essential for organ function

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6
Q

What are the key functions of lipids (fats)?

A

Storage of energy, insulation

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7
Q

What are the key functions of protein?

A

Growth and maintenance of cells + tissues

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8
Q

What is the key function of vitamins?

A

Promote chemical reactions

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9
Q

What are the key functions of minerals?

A

Growth and maintenance of bones + teeth
Muscle contraction
Osmoregulation

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion?

A

Mechanical - large food pieces physically broken down

Chemical - food broken down by enzymes and acids (stomach)

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11
Q

What are incisors (teeth) and what are they used for?

A

The front teeth, fine nibbling and cutting, delicate grooming

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12
Q

What are canines (teeth) and what are they used for?

A

The largest teeth (like fangs), for holding prey and tearing meat

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13
Q

What are premolars and molars (teeth) and what are they used for?

A

The middle and back teeth, for shearing and grinding food

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14
Q

How are carnivore teeth adapted to their diet?

A

Meat diet
Canines to hold prey + rip meat
Carnassial teeth to shear meat
Lack the enzyme cellulase

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15
Q

How are herbivore teeth adapted to their diet?

A

Plant diet
Incisors to cut plant material
Molars continuously grow as worn down by silica in plants
Grind food + mix with saliva

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16
Q

Give 2 ways birds’ beaks are adapted to feed

A

Beaks adapted depending on diet
Shape of beak - e.g. hummingbird feed on nectar
Generally have a hooked or cured tip
Size of beak - e.g. pelicans feed on larger things

17
Q

What does the pancreas secrete and why?

A

Bicarbonate - regulate pH

18
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Muscular contractions to push food along digestive tract

19
Q

Where is water absorbed?

A

Large intestine, through villi

20
Q

Explain hindgut fermenters

A

Animals who have a single-chambered stomach (monogastric) and a caecum

Eat mostly high fibre plants
fibre = hard to digest

Partially digested food goes to caecum and is fermented by microbes, breakdown cellulose

21
Q

Give 3 functions of the liver

A
  1. Produces bile - emulsifies fats
  2. Filters out toxins
  3. Carbohydrate storage - converts glucose to glycogen
22
Q

What enzyme does saliva contain?

A

Amylase

23
Q

What enzymes are added in the stomach and what do they break down?

A

Protease - proteins
Lipase - fats/lipids

24
Q

Give 2 functions of the pancreas

A
  1. Produce enzymes to aid digestion
  2. Produce insulin and glucagon (hormones)
25
Q

Explain the process for detecting high blood glucose levels and subsequently reducing them

A

• Pancreas detects high blood glucose levels
• Insulin secreted, glucagon secretion decreases
• Insulin travels to liver + muscles
• Body + muscles use excess glucose to make energy
• Excess converted to glycogen by liver and muscle cells, stored
• Blood sugar levels decrease

26
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 - lack of insulin
Type 2 - insulin resistance (linked to obesity)

27
Q

Explain the 4 chambers in the ruminant digestive system

A

Rumen - largest, storage + fermentation, cellulase break down plant material

Reticulum - small food particles move on to omasum, large particles go back

Omasum - absorb water + salt

Abomasum - true stomach

28
Q

Explain avian digestion

A

Birds do not have teeth - use tongue to move food to back of mouth

Passes to proventriculus - digestive enzymes + HCl added

Then moves to ventriculus (gizzard) - mechanical digestion, water re-absorbed, food fermented

Waste excreted out of cloaca as one mixed substance

29
Q

Give 3 causes of vomiting and diarrhoea

A

Unsuitable type or amount of food / foreign bodies / contaminated food / stress / pathogens

30
Q

What does chunky or granular vomit mean?

A

Food related signs
Chunky - undigested food, eaten too quickly or ran around after eating
Granular - partly digested

31
Q

What does liquid (foamy, slimy or clear) vomit mean?

A

Disease

32
Q

What is ruminant bloat?

A

When gas builds up in rumen

Animal Biology (4 decks)

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