The musculo-skeletal system Flashcards
analysis of movement in physical activity
REVISE MUSCLES
agonist & antagonists
- mucles can only contract and pull - they cant push
- arranged in pairs on ethier side of a joint - antagonistic pairs
- the muscle that contracts is called agonist
- the muscle that relaxes is called antagonist
elbox flexion
joint action
- agonist - biceps
- antagonist - triceps
hip adduction
joint action
- agonist - adductors (brevis/longus/magnus)
- antagonist - gluteus medius/maximum
knee extension
joint action
- agonist - quadriceps
- antagonist - hamstrings
shoulder flexion
joint action
- agonist - anterior deltoid
- antagonist - latissimus dorsi
muscle contractions
- isometric
- isotonic
isometric
joint action
- muscle contracts but stays the same length
- muscle work to keep joint stationary
isotonic
joint action
- muscle contracts and changes length
- cause movement of the body part
- concentric - muscle shortens
- eccentric - muscle lengthens
sagittal plane
planes
- vertical plane
- movements are forwards and backwards
- divides into the left and right halves
- eg - front somersault , forward roll , running
frontal plane
planes
- vertical plane
- movements side to side
- divides body into front and back
- eg - cartwheel , goalkeeper , star jump
transverse plane
planes
- horizontal plane
- rotational movement
- divides into top and bottom
- eg - 360 spin in ice skating , discuss throw
transverse axes
axes
- goes with sagittal plane
- horisonatally through body from side to side
- movements;
1. flexion
2. extension
3. plantar-flexion
4. dorsi-flexion
5. hyper-extension
sagittal axes
axes
- goes with frontal plane
- horizontally through the body from front to back
- movements;
1. abduction
2. adduction
longitudinal axes
axes
- goes with transverse plane
- runs vertically through body from head to toe
- movements;
1. horizontal adduction
2. horizontal abduction
flexion
decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint
extension
increasing the angle between the bones of a joint
plantar-flexion
pointing the toes/pushing up onto your toes
dorsi-flexion
pulling the toes up to the shin
hyper-extension
increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement towards the midline of the body
horizontal adduction
movement of the arm forwards across the body 90 degrees
horizontal abduction
movement of the arm backwards across the body at 90 degree to shoulder abduction
REVISE BONES
Types of joints
- joints are where two bone meet
- articulating bone
- 3 types of joints
1. fixed/fibrous joints
2. cartilaginous joints
3. synovial/free moving joint - located at shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, ankle
characteristics of synovial joints
- synovial membrane
- synovial fluid
- joint capsule
- bursae
- cartilage
- ligaments
- tendons
synovial membrane
characteristics of synovial joints
the lining inside the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid
characteristics of synovial joints
a clear slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and stopes the bone from rubbing together
joint capsule
characteristics of synovial joints
tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bones together
bursae
characteristics of synovial joints
a sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint, to reduce friction between tendons and bone
cartilage
characteristics of synovial joints
a tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between bones, preventing bone rubbing together and causing friction
ligaments
characteristics of synovial joints
bands of elastic fibres that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement and preventing possible dislocation
tendons
characteristics of synovial joints
do not prevent injury but are very strong, non-elastic cords that join muscle to bone
area of joints
- elbow
- knee
- ankle
- shoulder
- hip
elbow joint
area of joints
- hinge joints
- articulating bones - humorous, radius & ulna
- ligaments surrounding the elbow help to maintain joint stability and resist discolation
- flexion and extension
knee joint
area of joints
- hinge joint
- articulating bone - femur and tibia
- meniscus lies between the femur and tibia which acts as a shock absorber during strenuous activity
- many ligaments surrounding the knee to hold in place
- flexion and extension
ankle joint
area of joints
- hinge joint
- articulating bones - tibia, fibula and talus
- numerous ligaments work together to limit extreme movements
- plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
shoulder joint
area of joints
- ball and socket joint
- articulation bones - scapula and humerus
- the socket is very shallow allowing the greatest movement - however very unstable
- flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, rotation
hip joint
area of joints
- ball and socket joint
- articulationg bones - pelvis and femur
- the head of the femur fits into the decompression (acetabulum) - less prone to injury
- flexion and extension
