The Multi-store model of Memory

Question 1

A model of a memory

Answer 1

analogy of how memory works

Question 2

Who was the Multi-Store-Model first proposed by?

Answer 2

• Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968

Question 3

Why is it called the Multi-store model?

Answer 3

consists of three memory stores,linked to each other by the processes that enable transfer of information from one store to the next.

Question 4

Draw the MSM model

Answer 4

check in psychology folder for a visual diagram

Question 5

What is a sensory register?

Answer 5

Place where information is held at each of the senses. Eg: ears,nose,eyes,fingers and the corresponding areas of the brain

Question 6

Describe the properties of the sensory register?

Answer 6

• Has a large capacity
• Constantly receives information
• Most of the information doesn’t receive information, remains in the sensory register for a very short duration

Question 7

Attention- role in STM

Answer 7

If the person attention is focused on one of the sensory stores then data is transferred to the STM.
- Attention is the first step into remembering something .

Question 8

STM properties

Answer 8

• information held in STM is used for immediate tasks
• has limited duration
• will decay quickly if not rehearsed
• information from STM may disappear if new information enters STM, pushing out original information.
• Due to limited capacity of STM

Question 9

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 9

repeating things you want to remember again and again.

Question 10

verbal rehearsal

Answer 10

• repeating things out loud in order to remember it

Question 11

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 11

• repetition keeps information in the STM, also can help create a long term memory (LTM)

Question 12

What research can help support the maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 12

• Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed there being a direct relationship between rehearsal in the STM and strength of the LTM.
  as more the information is rehearsed higher chance it has to be remembered. This is called the maintenance rehearsal.

Question 13

LTM properties

Answer 13

• unlimited in duration and capacity

evidence shows forgotten memory is either due to memory not being permanent or not being able to find it.

Question 14

Retrieval

Answer 14

Process of getting information from the LTM involves information passing back through STM, making it available for use

Question 15

Evaluations of Multi store model

Answer 15

• the model is too simple
• long term memory involving more than maintenance rehearsal
• STM is involved before LTM
• supporting the MSM
• STM is involved before LTM
• case studies

Question 16

supporting evidences for MSM…(brain scans)

Answer 16

• controlled lab studies on capacity,duration and coding supports the existence of the STM and LTM store. The basis of MSM
• Pet brain scans have shown the differences between STM and LTM
  Such as:
  Beardsley(1997) - discovered that prefrontal cortex is active during STM tasks, but not LTM
  Squire et al (1992) - found that the hippocampus is active when the LTM is engaged.

Question 17

Case studies that support MSM

Answer 17

• different areas of the brain are involved when STM and LTM is active
• taken from the study from individuals with brain damage
• Scoville and Milner(1957), invovled a man called HM and analysed his brain damage, which was caused from the removal of his hippocampus from the both sides of his brain, in order to reduce the severe epilepsy he was suffering from.
• The removal of the hippocampus, had prevented him from forming new LTMs, but had kept his personality and memory intact.

-This overall supports the fact MSM has seperate stores, HM was unable to transfer from STM to LTM, able to retrive information before the surgery

Question 18

Arguement against MSM, saying it is too simple

Answer 18

• MSM shows that STM nad LTM are two seperate unitary stores. However research doesnt support this.
• research shows STM is divided into multiple stores, there is also a difference in what kind of memory is stores in STM nad LTM
• research also shows there is multiple kinds of LTM

Suggesting that the MSM is overly simplistic

Question 19

LTM invovles more than just maintence rehearsal

Answer 19

• MSM elborates on LTM is maintained due to maintence rehersal
  The researchers Craik and Lockhart(1972) claimed memory storing is more emphasised on the processing which is done, rather than maintence rehearsal. As things that are processed deepky are more memorable just by the way that they are processed.
• They carried out a research where they gave the participants a list of nouns and asked questions that invovled shallow and deep processing
  eg: shallow processing whether a word was printed out in capital letters
  eg: deep processing whether a word fitted the sentence
  Participants were able to remember more words when they were deep processing compared to shallow.

Question 20

Against MSM show that STM is a part of LTM nad not a seperate store

Answer 20

• MSM suggests that STM is involved before LTM. Which can be argued by many researchers,

Logie(1999) claims STM relies on LTM, therefore isnt first. eg: a random mis of letters, in order to chunk it out you would need to first recall meaningful groups of letters which require the LTM.
Ruchkin et al(2003) showed this through the research, where he asked participants to recall real words and pseudo-words(words that sound like real words with no meaning). Results show,that there was more brain activity when real words were processed compared to pseudo-words, indicating a involvement in all areas of the brain than just STM.

overall suggesting that STM Is a part of LTM and not a seperate store.

Question 21

What is a Multi-Store Model?

Answer 21

An explaination of memory,based on three seperate stores adn how information is transferred between these stores.