The Multi-Store Model Flashcards
What are the 3 stores of memory
Sensory Store
Short term Memory
Long term Memory
What are the two terms to describe the multi store model
Linear model with Unitary Stores
What is the capacity of sensory memory
Limited
What is the duration of sensory memory
0.5-2 seconds
How is information encoded in the sensory memory
Iconic
Echoic
Haptic
TRUE OR FALSE we know how forgetting occurs within the sensory memory
FALSE
It is unknown how we forget sensory memory
Who researched the sensory memory’s existence
Sperling (1960)
What was the aims of Sperlings research into sensory memory
To find out the existence of sensory memory
What was the procedure of sperlings research into sensory memory
P.t asked to look at a chart for 50 milliseconds and then asked to recall as many letters as possible
The p.t then had to recall single rows of letter when particular tones were heard
What were the findings of sperlings findings of sensory memory
Participants could only remember 4-5 letters although they were aware of more
Second instance p.ts on avg recalled 3 items from the row indicated
What did sperling conclude from his experiment
It is thought that the image of each item fades during the 50ms and the time it takes to report back recalled items
What is encoding
How sensory input is represented in each memory store
Define capacity
How much information can be stored
Define duration
How long the information can be held in storage
What is the capacity of short term memory loss
7+-2 items
What is the encoding of short term memory
Mainly acoustic
Who researched capacity of short term memory
Jacob’s (1887)
Who researched duration of short term memory
Peterson and Peterson (1959)
What type of forgetting occurs in the short term memory store
Displacement
What is the duration of short term memory
Up to 30 secs without rehearsal
What type of rehearsal keeps information in the short term memory
Maintenance rehearsal
What type of rehearsal takes information from the short term memory to long term memory
Elaborative rehearsal
what did Jacobs research to do with STM
CAPACITY
what was the aim of jacobs study into capacity of STM
to find out the STM’s capacity
what was the procedure of jacobs study into the STM’s capacity
p.t are given a series of digits to recall immediately and in the same order as it continues the list gets progressively longer
what was the findings of Jacobs study
p.t could remember up to the limit of 9 and on average being up to 7 and the lower boundary of 5
what was the conclusion of Jacob’s study
that short term memory must have a limited capacity of 7+-2
what part of the STM did baddeley investigate
ENCODING
what was the aim of baddeleys study into STM
to investigate the encoding style of STM
what was the procedure of baddeley’s study into STM
p.t were shown a sequence of 5 words to recall from one of 4 categories
-acoustically similar words e.g (cap/can)
-acoustically dissimilar words e.g (you/boom)
-semantically similar words e.g (ocean/sea)
-semantically dissimilar words e.g
(hills/wife)
what were the results of baddeley’s study into STM
10% = acoustically similar words
80% = acoustically dissimilar words
p.t confused by acoustically similar words
what was the conclusion of baddeley’s research into STM
in the STM we convert visual material into acoustic code and find it difficult to distinguish between info that sounds the same
who researched DURATION of STM
peterson & peterson
(couple goals!)
what was the aim of peterson & petersons research into STM
to investigate the duration of STM
what was the procedure of peterson & petersons research into STM
- asked p.t to remember a trigram e.g FDO, PRL, YLS
-then they gave p.t a distractor task to stop rehearsal of the trigram
-the p.t were asked to recall the trigram after 3,6,9,12,15, and 18 secs for perfect recall of the trigram
what was the results of peterson & petersons research into STM
after 3 secs, p.t could recall about 80% of the trigrams correctly after 18 secs only 10% were recalled correctly
what was the conclusion of peterson & petersons research into STM
when rehearsals prevented very little can stay in the STM for longer than 18 secs
what is the LTMs capacity
Potentially unlimitled
what is the LTMs duration
potentially limitless but can be subject to decay
what is the LTM encoding
semantically (using meaning)
TRUE OR FALSE: is it generally accepted that the LTMs capacity is unlimited
TRUE
who researched encoding of information in the LTM
BADDELEY
what was the aim of baddeley’s study into LTM
to investigate the encoding style of STM
what was the procedure of baddeley’s study into LTM
p.t were shown a sequence of 5 words to recall from one of 2 categories
-semantically similar words e.g (ocean/sea)
-semantically dissimilar words e.g
(hills/wife)
p.t asked to write the list down 20 mins after
what were the results of baddeley’s study into STM
10% = acoustically similar words
80% = acoustically dissimilar words
64% = semantically similar words
71% = semantically dissimilar words
p.t betterat recalling words that were semantically similar
what was the conclusion of baddeley’s research into LTM
when storing info in the LTM, its better recalled if encoded semantically
who researched duration of information in the LTM
BAHRICK ET AL
what was the aim of baddeley’s research into the LTM
establish the encoding of LTM
what was the procedure of bahrick research into the LTM
-investigators tracked down graduates form a high school in america over a 50 year period
-392 graduates were shown photographs from their yearbook
-for each photo a group of p.t were given the names of people and asked to match them up
-another group were simply asked to name the people in the photos without being given the list of names
what were the results of Barhicks study into the LTM duration
name matching condition:
90% correct 14 years after graduation
But
60% correct 47 years after grad
identification condition:
60% correct 7 years after grad
20% correct 47 years after grad
what were the conclusions of bahrick’s research into LTM’s duration
people can remember certain types of info for almost a lifetime however the accuracy diminishes due to decay
what is a limitation of the multi store model of memory
P:it could be argued this theory only explains lab based research
E: much of the supporting research was based in lab settings with artificial tasks and high levels of control
E:it must be questioned whether its similar enough to the real world/replicates real life
L:question if the theory itself can explain real world behaviour or only explain lab based experiments does it lack external validity
whats a strength of the multi store model of memory
P:the model has been supported by a body of research
E: researchers peterson and peterson conducted an experiment using trigrams and a distractor task having to recall the trigram after different lengths of time
E:they found that theres a limit to short term memory and information can be displaced overtime
L:this supports the validity of the model as there is empirical evidence to support claims
