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IOE Dentistry - Oral Microbiology > The Mouth As A Microbial Habitat > Flashcards

The Mouth As A Microbial Habitat Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is microbiology

A

The study of microorganism

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2
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

Organisms too small to see with the naked eye

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3
Q

What does the resident microbiota refer to?

A

The complete collection of organisms at a specific body site

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4
Q

What is the human microbiome?

A

The complete collection of organisms at a specific body site and also includes the totality of material that these microbes have ie includes genetic material

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5
Q

How many cells is the human body made up of?

A

More than 10^14

100,000,000,000,000

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6
Q

What are the 6 main microbial communities in the body?

A 
Mouth 
Skin 
Axilla 
Stomach 
Intestine 
UG tract
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7
Q

How many bacteria cells are there in the mouth and saliva?

A

10^7 bacterial sites
10^8 per ml of saliva
Grand total is approx 10^10 (10,000,000,000)

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8
Q

How many bacteria cells are there on the skin?

A

10^12 over the body surface

1,000,000,000,000

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9
Q

How many bacteria cells are there in the intestine?

A

10^8 - 10^12 Bacteria per gram of faeces

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10
Q

How many bacteria cells are there in the UG tract?

A

Ranges from sterile in the bladder to densely populated in the vagina and urethra

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11
Q

Describe the microbial community in the stomach

A

Sparsely populated

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12
Q

How many specifies of bacteria are there in the human mouth

A

1000 in total

But on average each individual carries 300-500 bacterial species

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13
Q

What are caries and periodontal disease caused by?

A

Dental plaque that is composed of mainly bacteria and their extracellular matrix

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14
Q

How many people were affected by caries?

A

100% of the population

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15
Q

How much does dental caries in children cost?

A

More than $3500 per 100 children

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16
Q

How many children in the uk suffer from tooth decay

A

Around 1/3 of 5 year old children

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17
Q

How many children and young adults were admitted to hospital in England (2014-2015) for extraction of teeth due to caries?

A

42,037

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18
Q

What is the most common cause for hospital admission of children between the ages of 5-9?

A

Dental caries

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19
Q

How much was spent by the NHS on hospital based tooth extraction on children in 2012

A

£30 million

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20
Q

What can tooth decay lead to?

A

Development of abscesses and sinuses that are painful and require antibiotic treatments

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21
Q

How much of the population suffered from periodontitis?

A

2-20% of most adult populations

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22
Q

How many people world wide are affected by periodontitis?

A

300 million

It’s the 6th most prevalent infectious disease

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23
Q

In the UK how many people suffer from advanced periodontitis and how much does this cost the NHS?

A

3-4 million currently suffering

Costs NHS £2 billion every year

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24
Q

Which systemic diseases are linked with periodontitis

A 
Cardiovascular diseases 
Diabetes 
Obesity 
Rheumatoid arthritis 
Cancer 
Alzheimer’s
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25
Q

Name the 4 types of microorganisms found in the mouth

A

Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Viruses
Prions

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26
Q

Give an example of and state the length of eukaryotes

A

E.g. fungi like yeast that causes thrush, Protozoa like Plasmodium that causes malaria
10-100 micrometers

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27
Q

Give an example of and state the length of prokaryotes

A

E.g. Eubacteria, archbacteria

1-10 micrometers

28
Q

What are viruses and how big are they?

A

They are acellular

50-100 nm

29
Q

What are prions and how big are they

A

They are non cellular

5-10 nm

30
Q

What is the debate surrounding prions?

A

Some people debate they are not considered as living elements
They are proteins that cause infections
They can reproduce but how

31
Q

Why are viruses described as a cellular

A

Because a cellular organisms possesses a phospholipid membrane but virus is an entity made up of nucleic acid and the genetic material is found in a protein capsule

32
Q

What is taxonomy

A

It is a branch of science that’s concerned with the classification of organisms

33
Q

Define nomenclature

A

Assignment of names to groups according to international rules

34
Q

Define identification in relation to taxonomy

A

Determining group/ taxon to which new isolates belong to

35
Q

What is classification in taxonomy?

A

The arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups based on similarities or relationships

36
Q

What is plaque?

A

The community of microorganisms found on the tooth surface as a biofilm embedded in a matrix of polymers of salivary and bacterial origin
Plaque is a biofilm

37
Q

What are the different taxonomic groups?

A 
Kingdom 
Division 
Sub division 
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species 
Strain
38
Q

What are some of the benefits of the resident human microbiota

A

Competitive exclusion of exogenous pathogens
Antagonism of exogenous pathogens
Promotion of normal development of the immune system
Promotion of normal human cellular physiology and nutrition
Enhancement of cellular proliferation and wound healing responsible
Enhancement of epithelial barrier function
Certain important symbiotic bacteria actively modulate immunity to prevent chronic over stimulation (tolerance)
Disease follows dis regulation or imbalance

39
Q

What are some distinct sites for colonisation in the mouth?

A

Mucosal surfaces
Teeth
Saliva
Gingival crevicular fluid

40
Q

How is the mouth distinct from the rest of the body

A

It is moist
Warm
It has very specific pH at different sites of the mouth
There are different environments and surfaces

41
Q

When are we first colonised by microbes

A

As soon as we enter the birth canal

42
Q

How are mucosal surfaces a distinct site for colonisation?

A

Mucosal surfaces are similar to those in digestive tract

The microbial loaf remains relatively low due to a process called desquamation

43
Q

What is desquamation

A

Shedding of the outer layer of the epidermis

44
Q

How does the tongue provide a unique site for colonisation?

A

The papillary structure can offer a different kind of habitat as compared to the lips mucosal surfaces of the cheeks etc
Provides refuge to some microbes that may have been washed away by swallowing or mastication

45
Q

How do teeth provide a distinct site for colonisation

A

They provide non shedding surfaces which allows for the acclimation if plaque

46
Q

Which part of the mouth is keratinised?

A

The gingiva and hard palate

47
Q

Which part of the mouth is non-keratinised?

A

Cheeks lips and soft palate

48
Q

Give examples of different types and plaque and how are they caused?

A

Fissure plaque: exposed to more oxygen and salivary flow
Gingival crevice plaque: access to a lot less oxygen

There’s variation in the environmental conditions at different sites resulting in different plaques formation as different bacteria can survive in different environments

49
Q

What is saliva produced by?

A

Major glands:
Parotid submandibular sublingual glands

Minor glands associated with the mucosa

50
Q

What is the saliva made up of?

A

99% water

1% is made up of proteins, glycoproteins inorganic components, lipids, hormones

51
Q

What are some of the major roles of saliva?

A 
Mastication 
Taste 
Lubrication
Digestion 
Proximities remineralisation of teeth
Acts as a buffer
52
Q

What is the buffering when in saliva called?

A

Bicarbonate

53
Q

What is gingival crevicular fluid (CGF)

A

It is a serum like exudate
Viscous fluid which has a similar composition to serum
Slow rate of GCF at healthy site
In case of inflammation GCF rate increases

54
Q

What do both saliva and GCF contain?

A

Components of the host defences

55
Q

What factors influence colonisation and survival

A 
Temperature (35-36°C)
Redox potential 
Oxygen concentration 
PH (mean pH of saliva 6.75-7.25)
Nutrients (endogenous and exogenous)
Host defence (dependent on the integrity of the enamel and mucosa)
Host genetics
Host lifestyle
56
Q

What is redox potential?

A

The redox potential of a substance fluid or molecule is defined as the ease by which the substance gains or loses electrons

57
Q

What is the gain of electrons called

A

Reduction

58
Q

What is the loss of electrons called

A

Oxidation

59
Q

What does endogenous mean?

A

Comes from within us like proteins to make enzymes etc

60
Q

What does exogenous mean?

A

Coming from the outside ie from your diet

61
Q

What are the first line of defence of microbes in the mouth

A

The enamel and mucosa

62
Q

What is the predominant Immunoglobulin found in saliva

A

Immunoglobulin A

IgA

63
Q

What is the predominant Immunoglobulin found in GCF

A

Immunoglobulin G

IgG

64
Q

Name some factors influencing colonisation and survival

A

Saliva
Gingival crevicular fluid
Mucosal defences

65
Q

What are the mucosal defenders

A

Physical barrier including desquamation
Immunological defences where the presence of bacteria will make us release signalling molecules that are produced by polymorphonuclear lymphocytes these molecules help reduce the bacterial load that has activated the signalling

66
Q

Give some features of the mouth

A

It is a hostile environment
Very selective
Has a complex array of just response
Has a rich oral microbiota

IOE Dentistry - Oral Microbiology (5 decks)

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