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IOE Dentistry - Oral Microbiology > Host Microbe Interactions > Flashcards

Host Microbe Interactions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define symbiosis

A

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association. It is a mutually beneficial relationship between two dissimilar organisms

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2
Q

Define mutualism

A

An association between two organisms where both parties involved are benefiting

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3
Q

Define parasitism

A

Unilateral benefit for one party involved.

Usually the host is suffering and the other organism is benefiting

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4
Q

Define pathogen

A

A microbe capable of causing the host damage and/or disease

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5
Q

Define opportunistic pathogens

A

An organism that is a member of the resident microbiota (or normally inhabiting the external environment) that causes infection under certain circumstances

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6
Q

Define symbiont

A

Member of the resident microbiota that confers benefit to the host

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7
Q

Define pathobiont

A

Member of the resident microbiota that causes disease when loss of the normal balance between the host and resident microbiota occurs

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8
Q

Define dysbiosis

A

Imbalnces in the resident human microbiota or our responses to them

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9
Q

Name the two beneficial relationships

A

Mutualism

Commensalism

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10
Q

Name the three types of detrimental relationships

A

Predation/parasitism (where the host is infected)
Amensalism (Microbe or host is injured
Competition (Struggle for resources)

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11
Q

What is opportunistic infection?

A

It is caused by an organism that is a member of the normal microbiota or normally exhibits the external environment

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12
Q

What are some examples of situations opportunistic microbes can take advantage of to spread infection?

A

Can enter through damaged epithelium
Presence of a foreign body
Transfer or bacteria from one sit to another
Suppression of the immune system
Distruption of the normal microbiota
Unknown precipitating factor
Impairment of host defences by exogenous pathogen

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13
Q

Which microorganisms can cause caries?

A

Streptococcus mutans Lactobacillus spp. Actinomyces spp.

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14
Q

Which microorganism can cause periodontal disease?

A 
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Tannerella forsythia
Aggregatibacterium
Actinomycetemcomitans 
Spirochaetes
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15
Q

Which microorganisms can cause aspiration pneumonia?

A

Staphylococcus spp. Anaerobes

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16
Q

Which microorganisms can cause abscesses?

A

Streptococci,
actinomyces
Gram-negative anaerobes

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17
Q

What can lead to the selection of pathogens?

A

Ecological pressures

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18
Q

Give examples of some ecological stresses

A

Host defences
Diet
Hormones
Exogenous species

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19
Q

How can organisms seek nutrients?

A

Chemotaxis

Biofims

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20
Q

How can organisms uptake and transport nutrients?

A

By diffusion
Active transport
Group translocation

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21
Q

Name some endogenous nutrients in saliva

A 
Amino acids 
Peptides 
Proteins 
Vitamines 
Glycoproteins 
Gases
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22
Q

Name some endogenous nutrients in the gingival crevicular fluid

A

Albumin
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Haem

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23
Q

Name some exogenous nutrients

A

Fermentable carbohydrates
Dairy prodcyts like milk (casein)
Alternative sweeteners like sorbitol, xylitol and saccharin

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24
Q

What are exogenous nutrients?

A

The process whereby substances entering the body from the environment are assimilated

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25
Q

What are endogenous nutrients?

A

The assimilation by the body of substances that are found in the organism itself

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26
Q

Sucrose can be converted into 2 EPS

What does EPS stand for and what are the 2 EPS

A

EPS= Extracellular polymers
The 2 EPS that sucrose can be converted into are:
Glycan and fructan labile in plaque

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27
Q

Which enzyme converts sucrose to glycan?

A

Glucosyltransferases

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28
Q

Which enzyme converts sucrose to fructan labile in plaque?

A

Fructosyltransferase

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29
Q

Sucrose can be converted an IPS

What does IPS stand for and what is the IPS

A

IPS= Intracellular polymers

The IPS that sucrose is converted to is a glycogen like compounded for storage

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30
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy

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31
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy

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32
Q

What are Saccharolytic bacterium?

A

They are capable of hydrolyzing or otherwise metabolizing a sugar molecule resulting in the production of energy

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33
Q

What are Asaccharolytic bacterium?

A

Incapable of breaking down carbohydrates for energy.

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34
Q

What is glucose converted to in the process of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

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35
Q

How does respiration produce ATP?

A

By electron transport phosphorylation using proton motive force

36
Q

What is the electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen

37
Q

What is a byproduct of aerobic respiration?

A

Water

38
Q

What is the electron acceptor in denitrification?

A

NO3-

39
Q

What is a byproduct of denitrification

A

NO2-

40
Q

What is the electron acceptor in Sulphate reduction

A

SO4-

41
Q

What is a byproduct of Sulphate reduction

A

H2S

42
Q

What is the electron acceptor in Methanogenesis

A

CO2

43
Q

What is a byproduct of Methanogenesis

A

CH4

44
Q

Go through the steps in fermentation

A
  1. Glucose is converted into fructose biphosphate (2 ATP->2ADP)
  2. Fructose biphosphate converted into 2 triose-phosphate
  3. 2 triose-phosphate
    converted into 2 phosphoglyceric acid
    (2 NADH->2NAD+)
  4. 2 phosphoglyceric acid converted into 2 pyruvic acid (2 ADP->2ATP)
  5. 2 pyruvic acid converted into 2 LACTIC ACIDS
45
Q

What are the end products for the Homolactic acid

fermentation pathway?

A

Lactic acid

46
Q

What are the end products for the Heterolactic acid fermentation pathway?

A

Lactic acid
ethanol
CO2

47
Q

What are the end products for the ethanolic fermentation pathway?

A

Ethanol

CO2

48
Q

What are the end products for the propionic acid fermentation pathway?

A

Propanoic acid

CO2

49
Q

What are the end products for the mixed acid fermentation pathway?

A 
Ethanol 
Acetic acid 
Lactic acid 
Succinic acid 
Formic acid 
CO2
H2
50
Q

What are the end products for the butanediol fermentation pathway?

A

Butanediol

CO2

51
Q

What are the end products for the butyric acid fermentation pathway?

A

Butyric acid
butanol
acetone
CO2

52
Q

What are the end products for the amino acid fermentation pathway?

A

Acetic acid
NH4+
CO2

53
Q

What are the end products for the fermentation methanogenesis pathway?

A

CH4

CO2

54
Q

What does the enzyme urease break down?

A

Urea into NH3 and CO2

55
Q

Name 3 host structural

proteins/glycoproteins

A

Hyaluronidase
Chondroitin sulphatase
Collagenase

56
Q

What is the breakdown of L-arginine into NH4+ called?

A

Arginine metabolism

57
Q

Go through the 2 ways L-arginine is broken down?

A
  1. L-arginine is converted into L-citrulline
    L-citrulline is then converted into carbamoylphosphate by the addition of a inorganic phosphate and L-ornithine
    Carbamoylphosphate is then converted into NH3 in a process of decarboxylation using ATP
    Then NH3 is protonated into NH4+
  2. L-arginine is converted into NH3
    NH3 is then protonated into NH4+
58
Q

What is L-arginine hydrolysed into in arginine metabolism?

A

Ammonia

59
Q

What is the nefeit of the lactate production lactate utilisation relationship?

A

Less caries as the glucose that was converted into lactate gets utilised by veillonella into acetate and propionate which are weaker acids

60
Q

talk through the steps of how a climax community is reached

A 
Transmission 
acquisition 
Pioneer species 
Succession 
Increasing species diversity 
Climax community
61
Q

What are The 2 sources of nutrients for the resident microbiota

A

Endogenous (saliva, GFC)

exogenous (diet)

62
Q

Streptococcus mutans can cause what?

A

Dental caries

63
Q

Gram-negative anaerobes can cause what?

A

Abscesses

64
Q

NO3- is what in denitrification?

A

Electron acceptor

65
Q

Actinomycetemcomitans can caise what?

A

Periodontal disease

66
Q

What word describes bacterium that are capable of hydrolyzing or otherwise metabolizing a sugar molecule resulting in the production of energy

A

Saccharolytic

67
Q

Staphylococcus spp. Can cause what?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

68
Q

Streptococci can cause what?

A

Abscesses

69
Q

What is SO4- in sulphate reduction?

A

Electron reduction

70
Q

Aggregatibacterium can cause what?

A

Periodontal disease

71
Q

Lactobacillus spp. Can cause what?

A

Dental caries

72
Q

What is glucosyltransferases and what does it do?

A

It is an enzyme that converts sucrose to glycan

73
Q

Tannerella forsythia can cause what?

A

Periodontal disease

74
Q

CO2 is what in Methanogenesis

A

The electron acceptor

75
Q

Actinomyces spp. Can cause what?

A

Dental caries

76
Q

What is fructosyltransferase and what does it do?

A

It’s an enzyme that converts sucrose to glycan

77
Q

Anaerobes can cause what?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

78
Q

Porphyromonas gingivalis can cause what?

A

Periodontal disease

79
Q

Spirochaetes can cause what?

A

Periodontal disease

80
Q

What are the two types of cellular metabolisms?

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

81
Q

What word describes bacteria that is Incapable of breaking down carbohydrates for energy.

A

Asaccharolytic

82
Q

The conversion of glucose to pyruvate is called what?

A

Glycolysis

83
Q

Oxygen is what in aerobic respiration?

A

The electron acceptor

84
Q

Define commensalism

A

When one party in an association is benefiting and the other is not affected

85
Q

What are organisms that are not pathogens called?

A

Commensos

86
Q

When does synergism occur?

A

Synergismoccurs when two or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and their results are amplified.

87
Q

What are the sources of nutrients for the resident microbiota are called?

A
  1. Exogenous sources

2. endogenous sources

IOE Dentistry - Oral Microbiology (5 decks)

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