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General Botany > The Molecular Composition of Plant Cells > Flashcards

The Molecular Composition of Plant Cells Flashcards

1
Q

substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary means

A

elements

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2
Q

make up 90% of the weight of all living matter

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur (CHNOPS)

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3
Q

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; follows 1:2:1

A

carbohydrates

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4
Q

Three principal kinds of carbohydrates:

A

Monosaccaride, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide

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5
Q

a carbohydrate that functions as building blocks and sources of energy

A

Monosaccharide

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6
Q

Ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose, and maltose, consist only of one sugar

A

Monosaccharide

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7
Q

Contain two sugar subunits linked covalently

A

Disaccharide

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8
Q

the synthesis of a disaccharide where a molecule of water is removed and a new bond is formed between the monosaccharide

A

Dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction

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9
Q

from hydro, meaning “water”, and lysis, “breaking apart”; the reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis in which a molecule of water is added, the disaccharide is split into its monosaccharide subunits

A

hydrolysis

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10
Q

glucose + fructose; transport form of sugar in plants

A

Sucrose

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11
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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12
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose

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13
Q

a carbohydrate that function as storage forms of energy or as a structural materials

A

polysaccharide

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14
Q

Contain many sugar subunits linked together

A

polysaccharide

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15
Q

common storage polysaccharide in prokaryotes, fungi, and animals; resembles amylopectin but is more highly branched

A

glycogen

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15
Q

primary storage polysaccharide in plants

A

starch

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16
Q

Starch have two forms:

A

amylose – which is an unbranched molecule & amylopectin – which is branched

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17
Q

the principal storage polysaccharides in leaves and stems; consist of the polymers of fructose

A

fructans

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18
Q

(structural polysaccharide) principal component of fungal cell walls and also of the relatively hard outer coverings, or exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, such as crabs and lobsters

A

chitin

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19
Q

(large molecules) that are made up of similar or identical small subunits

A

macromolecules

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20
Q

(“single parts”) individual subunits of polymers

A

monomers

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20
Q

(many parts) similar or identical small subunits that made up the macromolecules

A

polymers

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21
Q

stepwise linking of monomers into polymers

A

polymerization

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22
Q

Serve as energy-storage molecules – usually in the form of fats or oils – and also for structural purposes

A

Lipids

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23
Q

triglycerides that store energy

A

fats and oils

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24
Q

consist of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

A

fats

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25
Q

tend to stay solid at room temperature and can cause fatty deposits in blood vessels leading to atherosclerosis (“hardening of the arteries”)

A

saturated fat

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26
Q

Butter, lard, coconut oil, palm oil, etc.

A

saturated fat

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27
Q

stay liquid at room temperature are less likely to clog your arteries linked by one or more double bonds

A

unsaturated fat

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28
Q

Safflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil, obtained from oil-rich seeds

A

unsaturated fat

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29
Q

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; modified triglycerides that are components of cellular membranes

A

phospholipids

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30
Q

cholesterol, lipid-like, sex hormones; stabilize cellular membranes and also function as hormones

A

Steroid

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31
Q

Most abundant organic molecules

A

protein

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32
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acid

33
Q

consists of an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a hydrogen atom, all bonded to a central carbon atom; has an “R” group also bonded to the central carbon atom

A

amino acid

34
Q

(“R” can be thought of as the “rest of the molecule”) that determines the identity of each amino acid

A

R group

35
Q

Four Levels of Protein Organization

A

Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure

36
Q

protein organization that consists of a linear sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

A

primary structure

36
Q

level of protein organization that exist in two most common structure: alpha helix (spiral) & beta pleated sheet (zigzag)

A

secondary structure

37
Q

– Alpha helix may fold to form a three-dimensional, globular (structure) protein
– E.g., membrane proteins, transport proteins

A

Tertiary Structure

37
Q

facilitates the process by inhibiting incorrect folding

A

Molecular chaperones

37
Q

a level of protein organization wherein it is combination of several polypeptide chain into a single functional molecule

A

quaternary structure

37
Q

the unfolding or breaking up of a protein, modifying its standard three- dimensional structure

A

denaturation

38
Q

lock and key model—substrate will fit into a specific enzyme

A

enzymes

39
Q
  • large, complex globular proteins that catalyze chemical reactions (act as catalyst)
  • often named by adding the ending -ase to the root name of the substrate
A

enzyme

40
Q

substance that accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation, but remains unchanged in the process

A

catalyst

41
Q

the reacting molecule or molecules

A

substrate

42
Q

catalyzes the hydrolysis of amylose (starch) into glucose molecules

A

amylase

43
Q

catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose

A

sucrase

44
Q

Consist of long chains of molecules known as nucleotides

A

nucleic acid

45
Q

consist of three components: phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

A

nucleotides

46
Q

five different nitrogenous bases occur in the nucleotides that are the building blocks of nucleic acids:

A

adenosine, guanine, thiamine, cytosine, & uracil

47
Q

Double-stranded
Deoxyribose
ATCG
Carries genetic information

A

DNA

48
Q

single stranded
ribose
AUCG
Participate in protein synthesis

A

RNA

49
Q

component of the ribosomes (protein + RNA)

A

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

50
Q

to carry amino acid during translation of protein synthesis

A

tRNA (transfer RNA)

51
Q

blueprint of the DNA during protein synthesis

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

51
Q

 molecules that are found in all plant cells and are essential to life
 amino acids, sugars, proteins, and nucleic acids

A

Primary Metabolites

52
Q

antimicrobial compounds produced only after wounding or after attack by bacteria or fungi

A

phytoalexins

52
Q

 only produced if the plants are stressed
 restricted and not even in their distribution
 serve as chemical signals that enable the plant to respond to environmental cues
 known to be important for the survival and propagation of the plants that produce them

A

Secondary Metabolites

52
Q

Three Major Classes of Secondary Plant Compounds (Secondary Metabolites)

A

Alkaloids
Terpenoids
Phenolics

53
Q

among the most important compounds in terms of their pharmacological or medicinal aspects

A

Alkaloids

53
Q

alkaline nitrogenous compounds that include morphine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and atropine

A

alkaloids

53
Q

first alkaloid to be identified in 1806 from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
- used today in medicine as analgesic (pain reliever) and cough suppressant

A

morphine

53
Q

comes from coca (Erythroxylum coca) lessen hunger pangs and fatigue while working in this harsh environment

A

cocaine

54
Q

a stimulant found in such plants as coffee (Coffee arabica), tea (Camellia sinensis), and cocoa (Theobroma cacao)

A

caffeine

55
Q

caffeine released by the seedling apparently inhibits germination of other seeds in the vicinity of the seedling, preventing the growth of competitors

A

allelopathy

56
Q

containing extracts from the Egyptian herbane
- used today as a cardiac stimulant, a pupil dilation for eye examination, and an effective antidote for some nerve gas poisoning

A

atropine

56
Q

(Nicotania tobacum) functions as phytoalexin

A

Nicotine

57
Q

– Also called terpenes, occur in all plant cells are by far the largest class of secondary metabolites, with over 22,000 terpenoid compounds described

A

terpenoids

57
Q

a gas emitted in significant quantities by the leaves of many plant species and is largely responsible for the bluish haze that hovers over wooded hills and mountains in summer
- made in chloroplast from carbon dioxide recently converted to organic compounds by photosynthesis

A

Isoprene

58
Q

– monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, they contribute to the fragrance, or essence, of the plants that produce them
- produce by the leaves of some plants deter herbivores, some protect against attack by fungi or bacteria, while others are known to be allelopathic
- the terpenoid of flower fragrances attract insect pollinators to the flowers

A

essential oils

58
Q

known to have anti-cancer properties

A

taxol

58
Q

large quantities of volatile monoterpenoids (menthol and methone) are both synthesized and stored in glandular hairs (trichomes), which are outgrowths of the epidermis

A

Mint (mentha)

59
Q

can result in slower and strengthened heartbeat when used medicinally

A

cardiac glycosides

60
Q

largest known terpenoid compound

A

rubber

61
Q

 Hydroxyl group (–OH) attached to an aromatic ring (a ring of six carbons containing three double bonds)
 Almost universally present in plants and are known to accumulate in plant parts (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits)

A

phenolics

62
Q

range in color from red through purple to blue

A

anthocyanin

63
Q

yellowish or ivory-colored pigments and some are colorless; can alter the color of a plant part through the formation of complexes with anthocyanins and metal ions. This phenomenon, called co-pigmentation.

A

flavones & flavonols

64
Q
  • against herbivore (i.e. bitter taste)
  • anti-bacterial (denature protein in leather)
A

tannins

65
Q

adds compressive strength and stiffness to the cell wall

A

lignins

66
Q

active ingredient in aspirin; essential for the development of systemic acquired resistance, commonly known as SAR. SAR develops in response to a localized attack by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, or viruses

A

salicylic acid

67
Q

makes up more than half of all living matter and more than 90 percent of the weight of most plant tissues

A

water

General Botany (4 decks)

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