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History - Medicine in Britain - c.1250 - Present Day > The Modern World - c.1900 - Present Day > Flashcards

The Modern World - c.1900 - Present Day Flashcards

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1
Q

What had Britain and the world accepted about germs by 1900?

A

That they existed

That they caused a great deal of diseases

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2
Q

What had we not discovered by the start of 1900?

A
  • How diseases are connected to our “pathways”

* Hereditary diseases

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3
Q

What further things were doctors interested in regarding the cause of illnesses?

A

Hereditary diseases
DNA
Lifestyle - Diet & Exercise

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4
Q

What did Archibald Garrod theorise in 1902?

A

Hereditary diseases - caused by missing information in the body’s chemical pathways

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5
Q

Who discovered DNA in 1953?

A

Rosalind Franklin - photographed it

James Watson and Francis Crick - published a paper proving the understood it

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6
Q

What project was launched in 1990?

A

Humane Genome Project

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7
Q

What does detailed understanding of DNA allow?

A

Exploration of hereditary diseases

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8
Q

Why do doctors take an interest in lifestyle factors like diet and exercise?

A

They have direct links to causes of illness - cancer and diabetes

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9
Q

What was the first “magic bullet” discovered in 1909?

A

Salvarsan 606 - The first chemical cure

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10
Q

What was discovered about prontosil in 1932?

A

It cured blood poisoning - deaths fell from 20% to 4.7%

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11
Q

Who were the three people involved in the creation of penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain - took Fleming’s research further - proven penicillin could kill infections in the body - gained US support for mass production of it

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12
Q

What was Streptomycin able to do in 1943 that people thought could never be done?

A

Cured TB - an extremely powerful antibiotic

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13
Q

How did Fleming discover the mould that can be used to create penicillin?

A

He noticed that mould had developed accidentally on a set of culture dishes being used to grow the staphylococci germ. The mould had created a bacteria-free circle around itself.

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14
Q

What actions did Florey and Chain take to make it manufacturable?

A

Proved it could kill infections inside the body.

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15
Q

What further vaccinations have been created during the 20th century?

A 
1909 - Salvarsan, Syphillis
1932 - Prontosil - Blood Poisoning
1938 - M&B 693 - Pneumonia
1942 - Diphtheria
1943 - Streptomycin - TB
1950 - Whooping Cough
1961 - Tetanus
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16
Q

When were x-rays first introduced?

A

1890’s

17
Q

When was the first transplant carried out?

A

1954 - Kidney

18
Q

When was kidney dialysis first introduced?

A

1943 - Willem Kolff

19
Q

What has things like keyhole and robotic surgery allowed?

A

Surgeons to operate & make incisions from distance some away - less trauma & quicker healing

20
Q

What have MRI scans and ultrasounds allowed?

A

Better diagnosing in soft tissue areas & things like gall & kidney stones

21
Q

Who was David Lloyd George?

A

Prime Minister at start of 20C, responsible for Liberal Health reforms

22
Q

What were three health reforms that the Liberal government introduced in the early 20th century?

A

Children - Free School Meals 1906
Pensioners - Given pension - 1908
Workers - Help to find work - 1906

23
Q

Who was Nye Bevan?

A

Health minister - oversaw opening of the NHS - 1948

24
Q

What has the NHS done for healthcare in Britain?

A

Made it available to all that need it

25
Q

What does the government do today to try and influence and change behaviour when it comes to health?

A

Educate people to prevent / help avoid health problems - warnings against smoking, excessive drinking, unprotected sex, recreational drug use etc

26
Q

What caused lung cancer rates to go up?

A

Increased amounts of smoking

27
Q

What high-tech treatments have been developed to help the fight against lung cancer?

A

Transplants
Chemotherapy - chemicals
Radiotherapy - radiation to interrupt growth of tumours
Genetic research

28
Q

What public health related decisions have the government made to try to prevent people smoking?

A

Banned cigarette adverts - television - 1965 - increased until
2005 - cigarette ads banned completely

2007 - smoking ban in public places - inc workspaces

increased legal buying age from 16 to 18

tax on tobacco & alcohol

2012 - illegal to display cigarettes

pictures of diseased lungs on packets

2015 - illegal to smoke in a car with someone under the age of 18

History - Medicine in Britain - c.1250 - Present Day (5 decks)

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