Industrial Period - c.1700 - 1900

Question 1

What happened to Britain during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 1

*Small Pox epidemics in 1722,23 & 40-42
*Hospitals improved -
vaccines - smallpox
Nursing - Florence Nightingale
*Public health laws introduced 1848 & 1875
Development in Surgery -pain relief - infection
Germ theory - Louis Pasteur, to fight infection
*Social movement stronger
*Growth - towns & cities

Question 2

What happened to people’s attitudes because of the enlightenment and the scientific revolution?

Answer 2

Sought more answers, theorised more, became more rational and less superstitious

Question 3

What was the idea of Spontaneous Generation that people generally believed in in 1800?

Answer 3

People believed that animalcules were the product of decay rather than germs being the cause of it

Question 4

Did people still believe in miasma at this time?

Answer 4

Yes but the theory was becoming less popular

Question 5

Were humoural treatments still popular?

Answer 5

Not as much but they hadn’t found anything to replace it

Question 6

When did Pasteur publish germ theory?

Answer 6

1861

Question 7

How did Koch and Tyndall help with wider acceptance of germ theory?

Answer 7

Koch Discovered specific germs that cause specific ilness

Tyndell discovered organic particles in air - linked Pasteur’s work to surgeon Joseph Lister

Question 8

What common procedure existed for trying to protect people against illness during the 1700s?3

Answer 8

Vaccinations

Question 9

What did Edward Jenner develop in 1796?

Answer 9

Smallpox vaccination

Question 10

Give three examples of events from the 1800s that demonstrate the growth of the acceptance of vaccinations.

Answer 10

Government made smallpox vaccination compulsory - 1852
public appointed - 1871
government enforced compulsory vaccinations - 1872

Question 11

Why was it impossible to create other vaccinations before 1861?

Answer 11

Germ theory proved previously believed spontaneous generation wrong

Question 12

What vaccinations were developed after germ theory?

Answer 12

Smallpox - 1796

tetanus and diphtheria - 1890

Question 13

What was chloroform and who discovered what it could do in 1847?

Answer 13

James Simpson

The ability to make you unconscious for periods of time.

Question 14

Who made chloroform safer by inventing a dispenser in 1848?

Answer 14

John Snow

Question 15

How did germ theory help Joseph Lister?

Answer 15

he discovered that infected wounds was essentially rotting flesh - compared it to germ theory - theorised germs as the reason for decay - therefore thought it would be possible to find a chemical that would clear germs from wounds and in 1865 he began to use carbolic acid in operation

Question 16

What was the difference between antiseptic and aseptic surgery?

Answer 16

Aseptic -
operating theatres had to be clean - steam clean surgical tools - rubber gloves worn - surgical gowns - face masks

Antiseptic -
operating theatres had to systematically use antiseptics and dress wounds

Question 17

Why was there opposition to anaesthetics at first?

Answer 17

Fear - Hannah Green - 14 - first to die after having chloroform in an operation - scared people
Deeper/more dangerous surgeries were attempted - infection and death rates went up
Interfering pain was interfering with God’s plan
Doctors - some believed patients were more likely to die if unconsious

Question 18

Why was opposition to antiseptics at first?

Answer 18

People didn’t understand the science behind it
Carbolic spray - smelt funny - led to bad skin - surgeon’s hands feel sore
Doctors didn’t accept that germs caused infections - didn’t want to believe they were the reason for a patients death

Question 19

Who administered chloroform to Queen Victoria in 1851?

Answer 19

John Snow

Question 20

How were hospitals set up and sponsored during the 18th and 19th centuries?

Answer 20

Rich people and members of the new middle class (businessmen and lawyer) donating

Question 21

During which war did Florence Nightingale work as a nurse?

Answer 21

Crimean War

Question 22

Why did conditions of the hospitals shock her?

Answer 22

There were extremely bad - unsanitary - overcrowded

Question 23

How did she improve the design of hospitals?

Answer 23

Cleaned them up - gave them order/structure

Question 24

How did she help professionalise nursing?

Answer 24

Demanded more from the nurses, trained them - got rid of the flirtatious steryotype

Question 25

What was the attitude of the government to public health at the start of the 19th century?

Answer 25

Uninvolved - largely inactive - did tackle problem of gin by raising the price

Question 26

What report did Edwin Chadwick publish in 1842?

Answer 26

A report called ‘Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain’

Question 27

What diseases were common in the overcrowded and dirty cities of 19th century Britain?

Answer 27

Smallpox

Cholera

Question 28

What did the Public Health Act of 1848 include?

Answer 28

Gave town councils the option of volunteering to provide clean water to its inhabitants

Question 29

What did the Public Health Act of 1875 include?

Answer 29

Enforced councils to provide clean water, sewers, remove nuisances and clear slums

Question 30

What gave Edward Jenner his hunch about what protected people against smallpox?

Answer 30

Observation

Question 31

How did Jenner prove he was right?

Answer 31

he tested it on a young boy - injected him with a small amount of cowpox - tamer version - found out he was then immune to them both

Question 32

What was the reaction to Jenner’s vaccination?

Answer 32

Firstly fear & suspicion
Religious leaders - against god’s will
Inoculators fear for their business

Question 33

Why did the government prefer vaccination to the old style of inoculation?

Answer 33

Cheaper

Question 34

Give two reasons why vaccination mattered for medicine

Answer 34

It saved the lives of millions of people

It enabled them to discover

Question 35

How did John Snow prove his hunch that cholera was coming from the Broad Street pump?

Answer 35

Snow removed the handle from the pump on Broad Street, preventing locals from using it.
The outbreak of cholera went away.

Question 36

How did the government react to Snow’s findings?

Answer 36

They rejected it in favour of Miasma, partly because it would be costly to ensure a clean water supply

Question 37

What other event in 1858 finally pushed the government to sorting out the water supplies in London?

Answer 37

The Great Stink” in London.