The Modern World Flashcards
1
Q
Modern World chronology/timeline
A
1550-1700 The Scientific Revolution
1588 Spain’s Armada is defeated around the British Isles
1642-1649 The English Civil War
1643-1715 Rule of Louis XIV - the “Sun King” in France
1688-1689 Glorious Revolution in England (William & Mary)
1700-1800 The Enlightenment Period or “Age of Reason”
1730s-1740s “Heart” of the Great Awakening; era of Jonathan Edwards/George Whitefield
1756-1763 The Seven Years’ War (part of The French & Indian War in N. America)
1765 James Watt’s steam engine and beginning of the Industrial Revolution
1775-1783 The American Revolution
2
Q
The Scientific Revolution (chronology)
A
1550-1700
3
Q
Spain’s Armada is defeated around the British Isles (chronology)
A
1588
4
Q
The English Civil War (chronology)
A
1642-1649
5
Q
Rule of Louis XIV -the “Sun King” in France (chronology)
A
1643-1715
6
Q
Glorious Revolution in England (William & Mary) (chronology)
A
1688-1689
7
Q
The Enlightenment Period or “Age of Reason” (chronology)
A
1700-1800
8
Q
“Heart” of the Great Awakening; era of Jonathan Edwards/ George Whitefield (chronology)
A
1730s-1740s
9
Q
The Seven Years’ War (part of The French & Indian War in N. America) (chronology)
A
1756-1763
10
Q
James Watt’s steam engine and beginning of the Industrial Revolution
A
1765
11
Q
The American Revolution (chronology)
A
1775-1783
12
Q
Cottage Industry (what is it also known as, what was the first & main cottage industry)
A
aka the “Domestic System”
textiles were the first and main cottage industry
13
Q
Deists
A
Deists essentially established their own religion with “rational” ethics as its core
14
Q
Great Britain
A
Comprised of England, Scotland, & Wales
15
Q
Holy Roman Empire
A
Consisted mostly of German-speaking principalities.
These nobles/areas belonged to the HRE, but regarded themselves as autonomous.
16
Q
Philosophes
A
FR word for “philosophers”
“Philosophes” became engaged & agitated for change
17
Q
Salons
A
Evening receptions for discussion
18
Q
Thomas Hobbes
A
Author of Leviathan
People give their power to an absolute authority (the Leviathan)
19
Q
United Kingdom
A
Area of Great Britain with the inclusion of Ireland
England, Scotland, Wales, & Ireland
20
Q
What was also known as the “Domestic System”
A
Cottage Industry
21
Q
Who essentially established their own religion with “rational” ethics as its core?
A
Deists
22
Q
What were England, Scotland, & Wales part of?
A
Great Britain
23
Q
What were England, Scotland, Wales, & Ireland a part of?
A
United Kingdom
24
Q
Who became engaged & agitated for change?
A
Philosophes
25
Evening receptions for discussion
Salons
26
Who was the author of Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes
27
Nicolaus Copernicus (what did he do)
Asserted a sun-centered (heliocentric) view
28
Ivan IV (also known as …, what is he known for)
Ivan IV “The Terrible”
Czarist autocracy (unlimited authority)
29
Charles (who is he, what does he do, what happens)
Charles I (of Spain) & Charles V (of HRE)
Charles abdicates
The Habsburg Empire was divided
30
Spain (ruler)
Philip II: a zeal for R. Catholicism
31
England (ruler)
Elisabeth I: religious peace via the Elizabethan settlement
32
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
SP’s Phillip II could regard military action as a holy crusade against the “heretical”/“illegitimate” queen
Elizabeth’s words at Tilbury: she presided over the Armada’s defeat
33
When talking about the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, how could Philip II (Spain) regard military action?
He could regard military action as a holy crusade against the “heretical”/“illegitimate” queen
34
When talking about the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, what did Queen Elisabeth do?
She presided over the Armada’s defeat: Elisabeth’s words at Tilbury
35
Edict of Nantes
Granted religious toleration/freedom for Huguenots
36
How is the Netherlands also known as?
the Netherlands = Holland
37
The “Low Countries”
Belgium, the Netherlands, & Luxembourg
38
What did James I do? (England)
James I (England) granted charters for the establishment of colonies in North America
39
The Dutch Republic (3 things to know)
• Dutch/Netherlands/Holland could be considered “cutting edge”
• Dutch established a global trading network = the Dutch trading empire
• the Dutch - a “Golden Age”
40
Why were Dutch/Netherlands/Holland considered “cutting edge”? (Dutch Republic)
- the Fluyt
- a modern republic
41
Locations in Dutch trading network (Dutch Republic)
East Indies - Indonesia
West Indies - Caribbean
42
Thirty Years’ War
Series of conflicts fought largely in Germany over religious, dynastic, & territorial concerns
43
Francis Bacon
Inductive reasoning
44
Cardinal Richelieu
Richelieu’s principle: “Raison d’etat” or “Reason of State”, which supersedes any moral violations.
45
England -Charles I (what did he do)
• dissolved Parliament numerous times
• attempted to impose the Anglican liturgy on Scotland
46
Galileo (what happened to him)
Was silenced by the Inquisition
47
The English Civil War
• Charles I
• civil war between forces of the King (Cavaliers) & Parliament (Roundheads)
• Charles agrees to accept Presbyterianism in England
• victorious force: Oliver Cromwell (Puritan leader of Parliamentary forces) & the New Model Army
48
The English Civil War was between:
Forces of the King (Cavaliers) & Parliament (Roundheads)
49
What does Charles I do in the English Civil War?
Charles agrees to accept Presbyterianism in England
50
Victorious force in English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell (Puritan leader of Parliamentary forces) & the New Model Army
51
Atlantic Slave Trade
• European powers all vied (competed) for control of the slave trade
• voyage across the Atlantic was termed the “Middle Passage”
52
“Middle Passage”
Voyage across the Atlantic (Atlantic Slave Trade)
53
Peace of Westphalia (treaties)
• ends the Thirty Years’ War
• German areas were devastated
54
The Interregnum
Cromwell’s rule is aka the Interregnum
Interregnum = time between kings
55
England -the Restoration
Charles II
Charles had lived in exile in FR - he was invited back to restore the English throne
56
France - Louis XIV
Louis XIV
Most effective system of Absolutism - France
Context: Absolutism & Mercantilism
57
Absolutism
All power concentrated in the hands of the ruler
No limits on the ruler’s power - “responsible to God alone”
58
Mercantilism
Goal: increase national wealth
State regulation of industry & commerce in necessary
Mercantilists believed in a finite amount of world wealth
Increase precious metals (bullion) within a country
Mercantilism encouraged Colonialism
59
Mercantilism goal
Increase national wealth
60
How does mercantilism increase national wealth?
State regulation of industry & commerce is necessary
Increase precious metals (bullion) within a country
61
What did mercantilists believe in?
Mercantilists believed in a finite amount of world wealth.
62
What did mercantilism encourage?
Mercantilism encouraged Colonialism
63
Louis XIV aka…
The “Sun” King
64
Louis XIV’s palace
Versailles
65
Louis XIV’s errors
Absolutism
Misery of the 95%
66
Russia - Peter the Great
St. Petersburg will be built from scratch
- a “window on the sea” facing west
“Westernize” Russia
67
Isaac Newton
Physics - law of universal gravitation
Naturalism as a worldview only takes into account natural elements/forces - one level of reality
68
Isaac Newton physics
Law of universal gravitation
69
Isaac Newton naturalism
Naturalism as a worldview only takes into account natural elements/forces - one level of reality
70
England - The Glorious Revolution
Acknowledged the supremacy of Parliament
71
The Enlightenment (aka the “Age of Reason”)
• criticized monarchical/clerical absolutism
• in this age, human reason became the “best” method for learning truth (not revelation)
• God full sovereignty was rejected
• John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jean Jaques Rousseau, Adam Smith
72
How is the Enlightenment aka?
The “Age of Reason”
73
What did the Enlightenment criticize?
Criticized monarchial/clerical absolutism
74
What became the “best” method for learning truth in the Enlightenment?
Human reason (not revelation)
75
What did the Enlightenment reject?
God’s full sovereignty
76
People from the Enlightenment (“Age of Reason”)
John Locke
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Adam Smith
77
John Locke
A clean slate or **tabula rasa**
78
Montesquieu
Separation of powers
79
Voltaire
The “Father of the Enlightenment”
80
Jean Jacques Rousseau
General will: that which is best for the community
81
Adam Smith
The value of labor is in turn determined by market forces - by supply and demand
82
The War of Spanish Succession
The “balance of power” concept
Balance of power politics became the guiding principle of modern diplomacy
83
Great Britain- George I
German House of Hanover
Developing institution of the cabinet - “Prime Minister”
84
Prussia
Hohenzollern dynasty
Prussia was ambitious and the most militaristic state in Europe
85
The Seven Years ‘ War
• locations: North America, Europe, & India
• North America: France battled Britain for supremacy - the French & Indian War
• Prussia: considered a major European power
• consequences: the war drained the British treasury
86
The Seven Years ‘ War locations
North America, Europe & India
87
The Seven Years’ War - North America
France battled Britain for supremacy: the French & Indian War
88
The Seven Years’ War - Prussia
Considered a major European power
89
The Seven Years’ War consequences:
The war drained the British treasury
90
Who asserted a sun-centered (heliocentric) view?
Nicolaus Copernicus
91
Who is associated to a czarist autocracy (unlimited authority)?
Ivan IV “the Terrible”
92
What does czarist autocracy mean?
Unlimited authority
93
What happens when Charles abdicates? (Charles 1st of Spain & Charles 5th of HRE)
The Habsburg Empire was divided
94
What Spanish ruler had a zeal for R. Catholicism?
Philip II
95
What English ruler brought religious peace via the Elizabethan Settlement?
Elisabeth I
96
Why were the rulers when the Defeat of the Spanish Armada happened?
Philip II (Spain) & Elisabeth I (England)
97
What granted religious toleration/freedom for Huguenots?
The Edict of Nantes
98
What is also known as Holland?
The Netherlands
99
The “Low Countries”
Belgium, the Netherlands, & Luxembourg
100
Who granted charters for the establishment of colonies in North America?
James I (ruler of England)
101
Who established a global trading network?
The Dutch
102
Series of conflicts fought largely in Germany over religious, dynastic, & territorial concerns
Thirty Years’ War
103
Who is known for his inductive reasoning?
Francis Bacon
104
Who had the principle of “Raison d’etat” or “Reason of State”?
Cardinal Richelieu
105
What English ruler dissolved Parliament numerous times and attempted to impose the Anglican liturgy on Scotland?
Charles I
106
Who was silenced by the Inquisition?
Galileo
107
Civil war between forces of the King (Cavaliers) & Parliament (Roundheads)
The English Civil War
108
Term for voyage across the Atlantic
“Middle Passage”
109
What is the “Middle Passage” related to?
Atlantic Slave Trade
110
What does the Peace of Westphalia do?
Ends the Thirty Years’ War
111
Thirty Years’ War consequence
German areas were devastated
112
Cromwell’s rule
TheInterregnum
113
Who ruled in England during the Restoration?
Charles II
114
What ruler had the most effective system of Absolutism?
Louis XIV - France
115
Term for “all power concentrated in the hands of the ruler” “no limits on the ruler’s power” & “responsible to God alone”
Absolutism
116
What belief thought that the state had to regulate industry and commerce to increase national wealth?
Mercantilism
117
What belief encouraged Colonialism?
Mercantilism
118
Whose palace is Versailles?
Louis XIV
119
Whose mistakes lead to the misery of the 95%?
Louis XIV
120
What ruler built St. Petersburg from scratch and “Westernized” Russia?
Peter the Great (Russia)
121
Who had a law of universal gravitation and believed in naturalism?
Isaac Newton
122
What lead to the acknowledgment of the supremacy of Parliament in England?
The Glorious Revolution
123
In what age did human reason become the “best” method for learning truth, and God’s sovereignty become rejected?
The Enlightenment (“Age of Reason”)
124
What age criticized monarchial/clerical absolutism?
The Enlightenment (“Age of Reason”)
125
What age do these people belong to? John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith
The Enlightenment (“Age of Reason”)
126
Who believed in a clean slate or tabula rasa?
John Locke
127
Who believed in separation of powers?
Montesquieu
128
Who was the “Father of the Enlightenment”?
Voltaire
129
Who believed in general will (that which is the best for the community)?
Jean Jacques Rousseau
130
Who believed that the value of labor was determined by the market forces supply and demand?
Adam Smith
131
What conflict is associated to the “Balance of power” concept?
The War of Spanish Succession
132
Who got the crown from the German House of Hanover?
George I (Great Britain)
133
Who was the most militaristic state in Europe?
Prussia
134
Where was the Hohenzollern dynasty from?
Prussia
135
What conflict drained the British treasury?
The Seven Years’ War
136
What conflict was fought in North America, Europe & India?
The Seven Years’ War
137
Things that happened in France pre-Revolution
• French society was divided into three orders called Estates
- Church
- Nobles
- Commoners : bourgeoisie , urban laborers , peasants
138
How was France divided pre-revolution?
French society was divided into three orders called Estates (legally defined groupings); essentially a class system prevailed
1. Church (1st Estate)
2. Nobles (2nd Estate)
3. Commoners (3rd Estate)
- Bourgeoisie: FR had a social system that valued birth more than “talent “ (bourgeoisie resent this)
- Urban Laborers
- Peasants
139
Estates
Legally defined groupings
140
1st Estate (French society)
Church
141
2nd Estate (French society)
Nobles
142
3rd Estate (French society)
Commoners:
- bourgeoisie (FR had a social system that valued birth more than “talent”; bourgeoisie resent this)
- urban laborers
- peasants
143
144
Causes of the French Revolution
• practical bankruptcy of the state
• inefficient & unjust tax system
• philosophic ideas about the rights of man
