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World History II exam 1 > The Modern World > Flashcards

The Modern World Flashcards

1
Q

Modern World chronology/timeline

A

1550-1700 The Scientific Revolution
1588 Spain’s Armada is defeated around the British Isles

1642-1649 The English Civil War
1643-1715 Rule of Louis XIV - the “Sun King” in France
1688-1689 Glorious Revolution in England (William & Mary)

1700-1800 The Enlightenment Period or “Age of Reason”
1730s-1740s “Heart” of the Great Awakening; era of Jonathan Edwards/George Whitefield
1756-1763 The Seven Years’ War (part of The French & Indian War in N. America)
1765 James Watt’s steam engine and beginning of the Industrial Revolution
1775-1783 The American Revolution

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2
Q

The Scientific Revolution (chronology)

A

1550-1700

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3
Q

Spain’s Armada is defeated around the British Isles (chronology)

A

1588

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4
Q

The English Civil War (chronology)

A

1642-1649

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5
Q

Rule of Louis XIV -the “Sun King” in France (chronology)

A

1643-1715

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6
Q

Glorious Revolution in England (William & Mary) (chronology)

A

1688-1689

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7
Q

The Enlightenment Period or “Age of Reason” (chronology)

A

1700-1800

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8
Q

“Heart” of the Great Awakening; era of Jonathan Edwards/ George Whitefield (chronology)

A

1730s-1740s

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9
Q

The Seven Years’ War (part of The French & Indian War in N. America) (chronology)

A

1756-1763

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10
Q

James Watt’s steam engine and beginning of the Industrial Revolution

A

1765

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11
Q

The American Revolution (chronology)

A

1775-1783

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12
Q

Cottage Industry (what is it also known as, what was the first & main cottage industry)

A

aka the “Domestic System”

textiles were the first and main cottage industry

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13
Q

Deists

A

Deists essentially established their own religion with “rational” ethics as its core

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14
Q

Great Britain

A

Comprised of England, Scotland, & Wales

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15
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A

Consisted mostly of German-speaking principalities.

These nobles/areas belonged to the HRE, but regarded themselves as autonomous.

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16
Q

Philosophes

A

FR word for “philosophers”

“Philosophes” became engaged & agitated for change

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17
Q

Salons

A

Evening receptions for discussion

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18
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Author of Leviathan

People give their power to an absolute authority (the Leviathan)

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19
Q

United Kingdom

A

Area of Great Britain with the inclusion of Ireland

England, Scotland, Wales, & Ireland

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20
Q

What was also known as the “Domestic System”

A

Cottage Industry

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21
Q

Who essentially established their own religion with “rational” ethics as its core?

A

Deists

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22
Q

What were England, Scotland, & Wales part of?

A

Great Britain

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23
Q

What were England, Scotland, Wales, & Ireland a part of?

A

United Kingdom

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24
Q

Who became engaged & agitated for change?

A

Philosophes

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25
Q

Evening receptions for discussion

A

Salons

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26
Q

Who was the author of Leviathan

A

Thomas Hobbes

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27
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus (what did he do)

A

Asserted a sun-centered (heliocentric) view

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28
Q

Ivan IV (also known as …, what is he known for)

A

Ivan IV “The Terrible”

Czarist autocracy (unlimited authority)

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29
Q

Charles (who is he, what does he do, what happens)

A

Charles I (of Spain) & Charles V (of HRE)

Charles abdicates

The Habsburg Empire was divided

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30
Q

Spain (ruler)

A

Philip II: a zeal for R. Catholicism

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31
Q

England (ruler)

A

Elisabeth I: religious peace via the Elizabethan settlement

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32
Q

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

A

SP’s Phillip II could regard military action as a holy crusade against the “heretical”/“illegitimate” queen

Elizabeth’s words at Tilbury: she presided over the Armada’s defeat

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33
Q

When talking about the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, how could Philip II (Spain) regard military action?

A

He could regard military action as a holy crusade against the “heretical”/“illegitimate” queen

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34
Q

When talking about the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, what did Queen Elisabeth do?

A

She presided over the Armada’s defeat: Elisabeth’s words at Tilbury

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35
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Granted religious toleration/freedom for Huguenots

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36
Q

How is the Netherlands also known as?

A

the Netherlands = Holland

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37
Q

The “Low Countries”

A

Belgium, the Netherlands, & Luxembourg

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38
Q

What did James I do? (England)

A

James I (England) granted charters for the establishment of colonies in North America

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39
Q

The Dutch Republic (3 things to know)

A

• Dutch/Netherlands/Holland could be considered “cutting edge”

• Dutch established a global trading network = the Dutch trading empire

• the Dutch - a “Golden Age”

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40
Q

Why were Dutch/Netherlands/Holland considered “cutting edge”? (Dutch Republic)

A
  • the Fluyt
  • a modern republic
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41
Q

Locations in Dutch trading network (Dutch Republic)

A

East Indies - Indonesia

West Indies - Caribbean

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42
Q

Thirty Years’ War

A

Series of conflicts fought largely in Germany over religious, dynastic, & territorial concerns

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43
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Inductive reasoning

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44
Q

Cardinal Richelieu

A

Richelieu’s principle: “Raison d’etat” or “Reason of State”, which supersedes any moral violations.

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45
Q

England -Charles I (what did he do)

A

• dissolved Parliament numerous times

• attempted to impose the Anglican liturgy on Scotland

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46
Q

Galileo (what happened to him)

A

Was silenced by the Inquisition

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47
Q

The English Civil War

A

• Charles I

• civil war between forces of the King (Cavaliers) & Parliament (Roundheads)

• Charles agrees to accept Presbyterianism in England

• victorious force: Oliver Cromwell (Puritan leader of Parliamentary forces) & the New Model Army

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48
Q

The English Civil War was between:

A

Forces of the King (Cavaliers) & Parliament (Roundheads)

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49
Q

What does Charles I do in the English Civil War?

A

Charles agrees to accept Presbyterianism in England

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50
Q

Victorious force in English Civil War

A

Oliver Cromwell (Puritan leader of Parliamentary forces) & the New Model Army

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51
Q

Atlantic Slave Trade

A

• European powers all vied (competed) for control of the slave trade

• voyage across the Atlantic was termed the “Middle Passage”

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52
Q

“Middle Passage”

A

Voyage across the Atlantic (Atlantic Slave Trade)

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53
Q

Peace of Westphalia (treaties)

A

• ends the Thirty Years’ War

• German areas were devastated

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54
Q

The Interregnum

A

Cromwell’s rule is aka the Interregnum

Interregnum = time between kings

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55
Q

England -the Restoration

A

Charles II

Charles had lived in exile in FR - he was invited back to restore the English throne

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56
Q

France - Louis XIV

A

Louis XIV

Most effective system of Absolutism - France

Context: Absolutism & Mercantilism

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57
Q

Absolutism

A

All power concentrated in the hands of the ruler

No limits on the ruler’s power - “responsible to God alone”

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58
Q

Mercantilism

A

Goal: increase national wealth

State regulation of industry & commerce in necessary

Mercantilists believed in a finite amount of world wealth

Increase precious metals (bullion) within a country

Mercantilism encouraged Colonialism

59
Q

Mercantilism goal

A

Increase national wealth

60
Q

How does mercantilism increase national wealth?

A

State regulation of industry & commerce is necessary

Increase precious metals (bullion) within a country

61
Q

What did mercantilists believe in?

A

Mercantilists believed in a finite amount of world wealth.

62
Q

What did mercantilism encourage?

A

Mercantilism encouraged Colonialism

63
Q

Louis XIV aka…

A

The “Sun” King

64
Q

Louis XIV’s palace

A

Versailles

65
Q

Louis XIV’s errors

A

Absolutism

Misery of the 95%

66
Q

Russia - Peter the Great

A

St. Petersburg will be built from scratch
- a “window on the sea” facing west

“Westernize” Russia

67
Q

Isaac Newton

A

Physics - law of universal gravitation

Naturalism as a worldview only takes into account natural elements/forces - one level of reality

68
Q

Isaac Newton physics

A

Law of universal gravitation

69
Q

Isaac Newton naturalism

A

Naturalism as a worldview only takes into account natural elements/forces - one level of reality

70
Q

England - The Glorious Revolution

A

Acknowledged the supremacy of Parliament

71
Q

The Enlightenment (aka the “Age of Reason”)

A

• criticized monarchical/clerical absolutism

• in this age, human reason became the “best” method for learning truth (not revelation)

• God full sovereignty was rejected

• John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jean Jaques Rousseau, Adam Smith

72
Q

How is the Enlightenment aka?

A

The “Age of Reason”

73
Q

What did the Enlightenment criticize?

A

Criticized monarchial/clerical absolutism

74
Q

What became the “best” method for learning truth in the Enlightenment?

A

Human reason (not revelation)

75
Q

What did the Enlightenment reject?

A

God’s full sovereignty

76
Q

People from the Enlightenment (“Age of Reason”)

A

John Locke

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Adam Smith

77
Q

John Locke

A

A clean slate or tabula rasa

78
Q

Montesquieu

A

Separation of powers

79
Q

Voltaire

A

The “Father of the Enlightenment”

80
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A

General will: that which is best for the community

81
Q

Adam Smith

A

The value of labor is in turn determined by market forces - by supply and demand

82
Q

The War of Spanish Succession

A

The “balance of power” concept

Balance of power politics became the guiding principle of modern diplomacy

83
Q

Great Britain- George I

A

German House of Hanover

Developing institution of the cabinet - “Prime Minister”

84
Q

Prussia

A

Hohenzollern dynasty

Prussia was ambitious and the most militaristic state in Europe

85
Q

The Seven Years ‘ War

A

• locations: North America, Europe, & India

• North America: France battled Britain for supremacy - the French & Indian War

• Prussia: considered a major European power

• consequences: the war drained the British treasury

86
Q

The Seven Years ‘ War locations

A

North America, Europe & India

87
Q

The Seven Years’ War - North America

A

France battled Britain for supremacy: the French & Indian War

88
Q

The Seven Years’ War - Prussia

A

Considered a major European power

89
Q

The Seven Years’ War consequences:

A

The war drained the British treasury

90
Q

Who asserted a sun-centered (heliocentric) view?

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

91
Q

Who is associated to a czarist autocracy (unlimited authority)?

A

Ivan IV “the Terrible”

92
Q

What does czarist autocracy mean?

A

Unlimited authority

93
Q

What happens when Charles abdicates? (Charles 1st of Spain & Charles 5th of HRE)

A

The Habsburg Empire was divided

94
Q

What Spanish ruler had a zeal for R. Catholicism?

95
Q

What English ruler brought religious peace via the Elizabethan Settlement?

A

Elisabeth I

96
Q

Why were the rulers when the Defeat of the Spanish Armada happened?

A

Philip II (Spain) & Elisabeth I (England)

97
Q

What granted religious toleration/freedom for Huguenots?

A

The Edict of Nantes

98
Q

What is also known as Holland?

A

The Netherlands

99
Q

The “Low Countries”

A

Belgium, the Netherlands, & Luxembourg

100
Q

Who granted charters for the establishment of colonies in North America?

A

James I (ruler of England)

101
Q

Who established a global trading network?

102
Q

Series of conflicts fought largely in Germany over religious, dynastic, & territorial concerns

A

Thirty Years’ War

103
Q

Who is known for his inductive reasoning?

A

Francis Bacon

104
Q

Who had the principle of “Raison d’etat” or “Reason of State”?

A

Cardinal Richelieu

105
Q

What English ruler dissolved Parliament numerous times and attempted to impose the Anglican liturgy on Scotland?

106
Q

Who was silenced by the Inquisition?

107
Q

Civil war between forces of the King (Cavaliers) & Parliament (Roundheads)

A

The English Civil War

108
Q

Term for voyage across the Atlantic

A

“Middle Passage”

109
Q

What is the “Middle Passage” related to?

A

Atlantic Slave Trade

110
Q

What does the Peace of Westphalia do?

A

Ends the Thirty Years’ War

111
Q

Thirty Years’ War consequence

A

German areas were devastated

112
Q

Cromwell’s rule

A

TheInterregnum

113
Q

Who ruled in England during the Restoration?

A

Charles II

114
Q

What ruler had the most effective system of Absolutism?

A

Louis XIV - France

115
Q

Term for “all power concentrated in the hands of the ruler” “no limits on the ruler’s power” & “responsible to God alone”

A

Absolutism

116
Q

What belief thought that the state had to regulate industry and commerce to increase national wealth?

A

Mercantilism

117
Q

What belief encouraged Colonialism?

A

Mercantilism

118
Q

Whose palace is Versailles?

119
Q

Whose mistakes lead to the misery of the 95%?

120
Q

What ruler built St. Petersburg from scratch and “Westernized” Russia?

A

Peter the Great (Russia)

121
Q

Who had a law of universal gravitation and believed in naturalism?

A

Isaac Newton

122
Q

What lead to the acknowledgment of the supremacy of Parliament in England?

A

The Glorious Revolution

123
Q

In what age did human reason become the “best” method for learning truth, and God’s sovereignty become rejected?

A

The Enlightenment (“Age of Reason”)

124
Q

What age criticized monarchial/clerical absolutism?

A

The Enlightenment (“Age of Reason”)

125
Q

What age do these people belong to? John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith

A

The Enlightenment (“Age of Reason”)

126
Q

Who believed in a clean slate or tabula rasa?

A

John Locke

127
Q

Who believed in separation of powers?

A

Montesquieu

128
Q

Who was the “Father of the Enlightenment”?

129
Q

Who believed in general will (that which is the best for the community)?

A

Jean Jacques Rousseau

130
Q

Who believed that the value of labor was determined by the market forces supply and demand?

A

Adam Smith

131
Q

What conflict is associated to the “Balance of power” concept?

A

The War of Spanish Succession

132
Q

Who got the crown from the German House of Hanover?

A

George I (Great Britain)

133
Q

Who was the most militaristic state in Europe?

134
Q

Where was the Hohenzollern dynasty from?

135
Q

What conflict drained the British treasury?

A

The Seven Years’ War

136
Q

What conflict was fought in North America, Europe & India?

A

The Seven Years’ War

137
Q

Things that happened in France pre-Revolution

A

• French society was divided into three orders called Estates

   - Church
   - Nobles
   - Commoners : bourgeoisie , urban laborers , peasants
138
Q

How was France divided pre-revolution?

A

French society was divided into three orders called Estates (legally defined groupings); essentially a class system prevailed

  1. Church (1st Estate)
  2. Nobles (2nd Estate)
  3. Commoners (3rd Estate)
               - Bourgeoisie: FR had a social system that valued birth more than “talent “ (bourgeoisie resent this)
           - Urban Laborers
           - Peasants
139
Q

Estates

A

Legally defined groupings

140
Q

1st Estate (French society)

141
Q

2nd Estate (French society)

142
Q

3rd Estate (French society)

A

Commoners:

                      - bourgeoisie  (FR had a social system that valued birth more than “talent”; bourgeoisie resent this)

                      - urban laborers

                      - peasants
144
Q

Causes of the French Revolution

A

• practical bankruptcy of the state

• inefficient & unjust tax system

• philosophic ideas about the rights of man

World History II exam 1 (3 decks)

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