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Gut, metabolism and hormones > The Menstrual Cycle - Reproduction 2 > Flashcards

The Menstrual Cycle - Reproduction 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Events associated with ovarian cycle
Events associated with uterine cycle
Role of hormones (FSH, LH, oestrogen,
progesterone) in each phase of the cycle

A
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2
Q

Key Learning Objectives:
* Understand the ovarian and uterine cycles
* What major processes are occurring during
both
* Hormonal regulation

A
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3
Q

Menstrual cycle includes 2 cycles which are?

A

Ovarian and uterine

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4
Q

What is the Ovarian cycle?

A

Controls production and release of
eggs, the cyclic release of estrogen and
progesterone

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5
Q

Uterine cycle - what is it?

A

Controls the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the uterus to receive an embryo

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6
Q

Average menstrual cycle lasts?
Normally only interrupted by?
Terminated by?

A

28 days
Pregnancy
Menopause

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7
Q

Ovarian cycle what are the 2 phases?

A

Follicular and luteal phases

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8
Q

See slide 4 diagram
Ovarian cycle phases are separated by?
This occurs at what day of cycle?

A

Ovulation which typically occurs at day 14

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9
Q

What is Folliculogenesis?

A

The process by which a follicle forms, proceeds through several growing stages, develops to eventually release the mature oocyte, and turns into a corpus luteum

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10
Q

Before birth, each primary oocyte is surrounded by what?
What is this called?

A

A single layer of connective tissue derived granulosa cells
Primordial follicle

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11
Q

Folliculogenesis takes place where?

A

In the cortex of the ovary

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12
Q

When does folliculogenesis occur in a female’s life?

A

Continually from fetal life until menopause

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13
Q

What do almost all follicles under go at some stage?

A

Atresia which is death of the ovum, followed by collapse of follicle

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14
Q

Preantral follicles are Gn independent and go through different phases: Primordial, primary and secondary - explain these?

A

– Primordial – Dormant, 1 layer of granulosa cells
– Primary – Growing, 1 layer of cuboidal granulosa cells, granulosa cells begin to express FSH receptor, oocyte growth (~25 µm to ~120 µm), oocyte and granulosa cells secrete glycoproteins that form a thick gel rind around the oocyte seperating it from surrounding granulosa cella - the zona
pellucida)
– Secondary – Growing, 2+ layers of cuboidal granulosa cells, theca emerges (stromal-like cells around the basal lamina, interna and externa) accompanied by development of small blood vessels in the theca

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15
Q

Mechanisms involved in the initiation of the growth of the preantral follicles up to the pre-ovulatory stage, are not well understood at this time

A
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16
Q

Takes how long for primordial follicle to develop into early antral follicle?

A

About 1 year ~300 days

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17
Q

Antral follicles are Gn (Gonadotropin hormone) dependent include what follicles?

A

Teritary -> antrum starst to develop
Preovulatory/Graafian -> as they further divide they become this

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18
Q

Time from antrum formation to development of a 20mm preovulatory follicle is how many days?

A

~60 days

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19
Q

There are always a number of pre-antral
and early antral follicles in the ovary between puberty and menopause – further maturation of the follicles requires what?

A

FSH (i.e. ↑ puberty)

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20
Q

Onset of antrum development appears as what?

A

Appearance of a fluid filled cavity at one pole of the oocyte

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21
Q

Slide 7 see diagram

A
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22
Q

Follicular phase involves the development of maturing follicles - what happens?

A

Follicles are stimulated to mature, one follicle will fully mature and release ovum (ovulation)

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23
Q

Follicular phase occurs at what point of ovarian cycle?

A

First 1/2

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24
Q

Rate of granulosa mitosis appears to increase/decrease in follicular phase?

A

The rate of granulosa mitosis appears to increase sharply (~2 fold) in a cohort of follicles
after the mid-luteal phase.

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25
Q

The first indication that selection has occurred during follicular phase is that?
This effects is observed around what time?

A

The granulosa cells continue dividing at a
relatively fast rate in one cohort follicle while
proliferation slows in the granulosa of the other cohort follicles. This effect is observed about the time of menses.

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26
Q
  1. As the follicular phase proceeds, the selected “dominant” follicle grows slow or fast?
  2. Reaching what size and when?
  3. Growth proceeds faster or slower in the antral follicles during this time?
A
  1. Rapidly
  2. Reaching 18.8 ± 0.5 mm at days 11 to 14.
  3. Conversely, growth proceeds more slowly in the other antral follicles of the cohort.
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27
Q

Slide 9 see diagram
Follicular phase what hormone is made?
This is driven by what cells?

A

Oestrogen by the developing follicles
Driven by cooperative actions of thecal cells and granulosa cells

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28
Q

What hormone acts on thecal cell?
What hormone acts on Granulosa cells?

A

LH
FSH

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29
Q

When LH acts on thecal cells what does this cause?

A

Stimulates thecal cells to convert Cholesterol into androgen which then diffuses from thecal cells into granulosa clles and is converted into estrogen

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30
Q
  1. Once estrogen is secreted into the blood what happens?
  2. What about if estrogen remains in the follicle?
A
  1. Secreted into blood
  2. Contributes to antral formation
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31
Q

FSH acts on granulosa cells to convert?

A

Androgen into estrogen

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32
Q

See diagram slide 10

Expression of LH receptors is suppressed until?

A

Late in the follicular phase of the cycle

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33
Q

Ovulation takes place on day 14 what type of follicle releases a mature egg and where is this enclosed within for possible fertilisation?
Cumulus oocyte complex =?

A

Selected preovulatory follicle releases a mature egg enclosed within a cumulus complex for possible fertilisation
(cumulus oocyte complex = oocyte, ZP, cumulus cells, polar body)

34
Q

Oocyte enters what?

A

Fallopian tube

35
Q

What are cumulus cells?

A

They are granulosa cells that surround the oocyte and support oocyte maturation and fertilisation

36
Q

Hormonal control for ovulation what surge is a trigger?

A

LH

37
Q

Ovarian cycle for the 2nd half is the luteal phase and this accounts for what days of the cycle?

A

The last 14 days

38
Q

What is the hormonal control of the luteal phase and what does it cause?

A

LH causes development of corpus luteum

39
Q

Old follicular cells under structural transformation during luteal phase to form what?

A

Corpus luteum which is a gland

40
Q

Corpus luteum makes?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

41
Q

The corpus luteum during luteal phase becomes highly vascularised and continues to increase in size for how many days?

A

4-5 days

42
Q

If released and the ovum is not fertilised and does not implant what happens?

A

Corpus luteum degenerates within ~ 14 days after formation

43
Q

If the ovum is fertilised what happens?

A

Continues to provide progesterone for early pregnancy

44
Q

Slide 13 summary of events of the ovarian cycle

A
45
Q

At the same time that these events are occurring in the ovaries a cycle of events is occurring in the uterus as ?

A

It is getting ready to receive and nourish the ovulated oocyte
Both are regulated via hormones

46
Q

Uterine cycle averages how many days?

A

28 DAYS

47
Q

3 PHASES OF UTERINE CYCLE?

A
  1. Menstrual phase
  2. Proliferative phase
  3. Secretory/progestational phase
48
Q

Menstrual phase what happens with hormones?

A

Decreased oestrogen & progesterone

49
Q

Menstrual cycle what occurs to the body and how many days does it last?

A

Uterine lining is shed
Lasts 5-7 days

50
Q

Proliferative cycle is assoaaited with what hormone?

A

Oestrogen

51
Q

Secretory or progestational phase what hormone is involved in this phase?

A

Progesterone

52
Q

Secretory or progestational phase what hormone what happens and what does it coincide with?

A

Coincides with luteal phase.
Endometrium develops

53
Q

Proliferative phase what happens?

A

Endometrium renewed in preparation for possible pregnancy

54
Q

Menstrual phase is characterised by?

A

By discharge of blood and endometrial debris from vagina

55
Q

1st day of menstruation is considered?

A

Start of new cycle

56
Q

Menstrual phase coincides with what of ovarian cycle?

A

End of ovarian luteal phase and onset of follicular phase

57
Q

Menstrual cycle is triggered by?

A

Decreases oestrogen and progesterone

58
Q

Why do oestrogen+progesterone decrease thus leading to menstrual phase?

A

Hormones decrease when CL degenerates

59
Q

What is released during menstrual phase?

A

uterine prostaglandin

60
Q

Uterine prostaglandin causes what?
This leads to what effect on blood supply and endometrium?

A

Vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels
– Disrupts blood supply
– Causes death of endometrium

61
Q

Release of uterine prostaglandin stimulates what and what does this help?

A

Stimulates mild rhythmic contractions of uterine myometrium which helps expel the menstrual cycle

62
Q

Proliferative phase begins ?

A

Begins concurrent with last portion of ovarian follicular phase

63
Q

Proliferative phases lasts from?

A

Lasts from end of menstruation to ovulation

64
Q

Proliferative phase - the uterus prepares for fertilised ovum what happens to the endometrium and oestrogen?

A

Endometrium starts to repair itself and proliferate under influence of oestrogen from newly-growing follicles
Peak oestrogen levels trigger LH surge responsible for ovulation

65
Q

Secretory phase what happens with endometrium?

A

Prepares for implantation

66
Q

As the endometrium prepares for implantation- what happens to:
1. Blood supply?
2. Glands?
3. Secretory phase conditions are promoted by?

A
  1. Blood supply increased
  2. Glands enlarge and secrete glycogen-rich fluids
  3. Secretory phase conditions promoted by
    progesterone
67
Q

CL makes large amounts of progesterone and oestrogen and progesterone converts endometrium to what?

A

Highly vascularised, glycogen-filled tissue

68
Q

Endometrial glands actively secrets what and what does this sustain?

A

Secretes glycogen which sustains embryo development

69
Q

If fertilisation and implantation does not happen in secretory phase what occurs to CL and what happens after?

A

Corpus luteum degenerates (hCG)
New follicular phase and menstrual phase
begin again

70
Q

Hormonal control of the cycle via what 6 hormones?

A

GnRH, FSH, LH, Inhibin, Oestrogen and progesterone

71
Q

GnRH is short for and is made where?
FSH is made where and short for and develops what?
LH is made where? stands for? Causes and develops?
Inhibin is made where and causes what effect on FSH and LH from what?
Oestrogen and Progesterone are made where?

A

GnRH (hypothalamus): Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
FSH (pituitary): Follicle stimulating hormone
growth and development of follicles
LH (pituitary): Luteinising hormone causes ovulation development of corpus luteum
Inhibin (granulosa cells in the ovaries) : decreases FSH, but not LH from AP
Oestrogen and progesterone (follicles, corpus luteum)

72
Q
  1. Oestrogens stimulates what development?
  2. Oestrogens promotes?
  3. Induces expression fo what receptors?
  4. Responsible for what characteristics?
  5. Causes what fro pregnancy?
A
  1. Stimulate oogenesis and follicle development
  2. Promote proliferative-phase uterine conditions
  3. Induce expression of uterine progesterone receptors and Induce expression of granulosa cell LH receptors
  4. Secondary sexual characteristics
  5. Breast growth during pregnancy
73
Q

Progesterone promotes what conditions?
It reduces?
It suppresses?
It promotes the growth of?
Effect on milk production?
During secretory phase of uterine cycle increased progesterone has what effect?

A

*Promotes secretory-phase uterine
conditions
* Reduces myometrial contractility
* Suppresses uterine contraction
during pregnancy
* Promotes growth of glandular
breast tissue but suppresses milk
production
* During secretory phase of uterine
cycle ↑ progesterone = mucus
thickness → ↓↓ sperm penetration

74
Q

Hormone effects on the uterus - uterine+ovarian cycle:
1. Days 1-5?
2. Days 6-13?
3. Days 15-28?

A
  1. Menstruation
  2. Proliferative phase - follicular
  3. Secretory phase - luteal
75
Q

What happens days1-5?

A

Days 1-5 – Menstruation (steroids withdrawal) –regression of the corpus luteum ↓↓ Oe and P, spasm, necrosis and sloughing of endometrium

76
Q

What happens days 6-13?

A

Days 6-13 – Proliferative phase (follicular) (Oestrogen) – Endometrial proliferation, increased myometrial excitability/contractility

77
Q

Days 15-28? what happens?

A

Days 15-28 – Secretory phase (luteal) (Progesterone) – promotes secretory changes in the uterine endometrium.
Growth of spiral arteries, accumulation of glycogen/lipids (nutrients) in glands, increase in viscous secretions, ↓ myometrial contractility

78
Q

LH surges?
LH +FSH secreted from?
Progesterone secreted from?
Oestrogen secreted first from follicle and then?

A

Oestrogen secreted first from
the follicle, then from the
corpus luteum
– Progesterone secreted from
the corpus luteum
– LH and FSH secreted from the
anterior pituitary
– LH surge at ovulation

79
Q

Slide 23 early follicular phase see diagram

A
80
Q

See slide 24 diagrams and pathways
Regulation of hormone secretion - late follicular phase+ovulation
1. Just prior to the middle of the cycle (approximately day 14), the high level of
estrogen causes?
2. Spike in LH causes?
3. Follicles that did not rupture?

A
  1. FSH and especially LH to rise rapidly
    (estrogen begins to stimulate LH, opposite to
    normal), then fall.
  2. Causes ovulation as granulosa cells now have LH receptors.
  3. Degenerate and their eggs are lost. The level
    of estrogen decreases when the extra follicles
    degenerate
81
Q

See slide 25 with diagram: luteal phase
1. Effect of progesterone?
2. Surge in LH causes?
3. Negative feedback inhibits?
4. CL also makes what effect does this hormone have?
5. Low levels of LH+FSH?
6. Degeneration of CL?

A
  1. Progesterone – stops the high level of estrogen from triggering
  2. Another LH surge – increase in progesterone and lesser increase in estrogen results in negative feedback
  3. Inhibits LH secretion and FSH - acts on both AP and HT ARC neurons
  4. CL also produces inhibin – low levels of LH and FSH – inhibit further follicle maturation and ovulation during luteal phase.
  5. Low levels of LH and FSH – inhibit further follicle maturation and ovulation during luteal phase.
  6. Degeneration of CL – unleashes FSH. FSH induces additional FSH receptors on granulosa cells (expanding its own effects) and stimulates new LH receptors on granulosa cells – initiating LH responsiveness.

Gut, metabolism and hormones (22 decks)

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