The Menstrual Cycle Flashcards
Sex cells are also called ___.
Gametes
___ is a series of changes during which an egg matures, and the uterus is prepared for possible pregnancy.
The Menstrual Cycle
___ regulates the activities of the structures involved in the processes.
Feedback System
What is the other term for reproductive or sex organs, specifically the ovaries and testes?
Gonads
The menstrual cycle can be divided into two parts: the ___ and the ___.
The follicular phase and the luteal phase
The ___ starts on day 1 of menstruation and ends with ovulation (day 14).
Follicular Phase
This occurs mid-cycle, around two weeks or so before menstruation starts.
Ovulation
The ___ includes the day after ovulation to the day
before your next period.
Luteal Phase
Once it releases its egg, the empty follicle develops into a new structure called the corpus luteum which produces ___.
Progesterone
Our body’s chemical messengers are the ___.
Hormones
___ are biological processes that maintain homeostasis or body balance.
Feedback loops
___ intensifies a response while ___ reduces the effect of a stimulus.
Positive feedback (INTENSIFIES)
Negative feedback (REDUCES)
___ affects the production and release of hormones in the menstrual cycle.
Negative feedback
High levels of one hormone may ___ the production of another hormone.
inhibit
Hormones affect various processes in the body as they regulate the activities of organs, tissues, and cells. Which of the following statements is true about female
hormones? They _____.
A. act in very small amounts but results to great deal of change in the body
B. lead to growth of facial hair and development of Adam’s apple
C. may cause pain and headaches
D. trigger the development and release of ovum
A. act in very small amounts but results to great deal of change in the body
___ prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy
Progesterone
What is considered as the most fertile day in a regular menstrual cycle?
14th day
It is half-way in the cycle.
Ovulation
The periodic or regular shedding of tissues and blood from the inner lining of the uterus is called the ___. It could be described as the discharge of blood from the uterine wall.
Menstruation or period
Different girls have different menstruation length, but the usual is ___.
5 to 7 days
Uterine lining starts to thicken with new layer of tissue. An egg is developing in the ovary. This is called the ___ and covers the first half of the menstrual cycle.
Follicular Phase
If the egg was not fertilized or implantation did not occur, hormonal changes signal the uterus to prepare to shed its lining. This is called the ___.
Luteal phase
The length of the menstrual cycle varies from woman to woman but the average cycle is ___.
28 DAYS
The follicular phase starts on ___ of menstruation and ends with ___.
Starts on DAY 1,
Ends with OVULATION (DAY 14)
The brain (___) sends Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) to the ovaries to signal follicles to grow and mature. These follicles produce ___.
Brain (ANTERIOR PITUITARY)…
Follicles produce ESTROGEN
___ acts on the uterus to stimulate the thickening of the ___ (uterine lining).
ESTROGEN acts…
ENDOMETRIUM (uterine lining)
When ___ peaks, it signals the brain to release Luteinizing Hormone (LH). This triggers ___.
ESTROGEN peaks…
Triggers OVULATION
On this day, the mature egg from the follicle travels from the ___ down to the ___ and into the ___.
Travels from the OVARY
down to the FALLOPIAN TUBE
and into the UTERUS
At any time during the egg’s journey, sperm can fertilize it. If fertilization does not occur during this phase, the egg continues to the uterus and dies within ___.
Dies within 6 to 24 hours
During the luteal phase, LH and FSH levels ___.
DECREASE
Once it releases its egg, the empty follicle develops into a new structure called the ___ which produces ___.
New structure called the CORPUS LUTEUM,
which produces PROGESTERONE
If the egg isn’t fertilized, the corpus luteum ___ and estrogen level ___.
Corpus luteum DEGENERATES…
Estrogen level DECREASES
The hormonal changes of the ___ phase are associated with symptoms of ___ such as pimples, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, mood changes, bloating, pain, swelling of the breasts, and food cravings.
Hormonal changes of the LUTEAL PHASE…
Symptoms of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS)
The menstrual cycle can continue in a woman for ___ stopping temporarily during ___ and resumes after ___.
Continue in a woman for ABOUT 40 YEARS,
Stopping temporarily during PREGNANCY,
And resumes after GIVING BIRTH.
In humans, fertilization normally occurs in the _____.
Fallopian tube
What do we call the female sex hormone that is responsible for the development and maintenance of typical female sexual characteristics?
Estrogen
During the menstrual cycle, which feedback mechanism keeps levels of FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone relatively stable?
Negative feedback
The ability to reproduce begins at _____.
Adolescence
Menstruation can be described as the discharge of blood from the _____.
Uterine wall
Menstruation is a sign that a girl is _____.
Capable of producing offspring
Which hormone helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries?
Follicle stimulating hormone
Physiological processes are commonly moderated via two distinct feedback mechanisms – positive and negative feedback. Which of the pairs of events and feedback regulation is incorrect?
A. Childbirth: positive feedback.
B. Lactation: positive feedback.
C. Menstruation: negative feedback.
D. Ovulation: negative feedback.
D. Ovulation: negative feedback.
Prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy
Progesterone
The menstrual cycle is influenced by the endocrine system through the complex interaction of the ___, pituitary and gonads (reproductive or sex organs, specifically the ovaries and testes).
Hypothalamus
A female can get pregnant although ovulation is a ___ occurrence each month and the ovum can only survive from ___ after ovulation.
1-DAY occurrence…
12-24 HOURS after ovulation
Conception can occur within a ___ window, the ___ days leading up to ovulation, and the day of ovulation, because sperm can live in the female body for up to ___ days.
Within a 6-DAY window…
5 DAYS leading up to ovulation…
for up to 5 DAYS.
Our body’s chemical messengers are the ___ produced by the glands of the endocrine system. Endocrine glands pass them straight into the ___.
HORMONES…
straight into the BLOODSTREAM
Hormones, even in __ amounts, can control many of the changes in the reproductive system including those leading to the menstrual cycle.
Even in LITTLE amounts
During the luteal phase, progesterone tends to _____.
RISE
High levels of one hormone may ___ the production of another hormone.
INHIBIT
What is maintained by the continuous feedback mechanisms in our body?
Homeostasis
What is considered as the most fertile day in a regular menstrual cycle?
14th day
Which birth control method is BEST used for safe sex?
Condom
If two people don’t have sex, sperm can’t fertilize an egg, and there’s no possibility of pregnancy. What is this simplest form of birth control?
Abstinence
For how many days in the regular menstrual cycle are females considered to be most fertile?
FIVE days
Hormones affect various processes in the body as they ___ the activity of organs, tissues, and cells.
REGULATE
During adolescence, males and females change very differently; girls menstruate while boys don’t. The sexually related change common to both sexes is the development of ___.
PUBIC HAIR
An egg maybe released from the ovary through a process called ____.
Ovulation
Which hormone thickens uterine lining (endometrium) in preparation for implantation, and inhibits FSH and LH?
Progesterone
Stimulates follicular growth in ovaries
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates estrogen secretion from developing follicles (small sac containing eggs)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Surge causes ovulation
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Results in the formation of a corpus luteum (a structure formed as a mature egg pops out of a follicle)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Triggers corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH causing ovulation
Estrogen
Stops FSH being produced so that only one egg
matures in a cycle
Estrogen
The corpus luteum is a structure formed as a ___ egg pops out of a follicle
MATURE egg
- Which of the following doesn’t happen during ovulation?
A. A mature egg is released from the ovary.
B. A slight increase in body temperature can be observed.
C. Cervical mucus increases in volume and becomes thicker.
D. Menstrual periods are irregular and can be late for up to 10 days or more.
D. Menstrual periods are irregular and can be late for up to 10 days or more.
While menstruation happens in the early part of this phase, the ovaries are simultaneously preparing to ovulate again.
Follicular Phase
- Menstruation is a monthly occurrence. When will there be menstruation?
A. when the egg is not fertilized by a sperm
B. when the egg is released from the ovary
C. when the egg meets the sperm
D. when the egg reaches the uterus
A. when the egg is not fertilized by a sperm
