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week 15 > the medicine > Flashcards

the medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

The secretions are thicker and more viscous than normal

Mainly affects the lungs and digestion

Lifelong and potentially fatal disease

It is treated with physiotherapy and a regiment of all enzyme replacement therapy and antibiotics as required

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2
Q

What are some features of adult onset disorders?

A

gend change present from conception

Effects are not apparent until adult life

Age of onset is variable

Manifestations are variable

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3
Q

What are the benefits of testing?

A

The uncertainty about gene status is removed

If negative-there’s no more concerned for self or spring

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4
Q

What is the difference between a drug and a medicine?

A

Drugs take away control of your body & mind from YOU. Medicines reverse this and restore the control back to YOU. A drug is a chemical substance that takes control of your body or mind depending on its own inherent nature.

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5
Q

What is the process of formulation?

A

medicines are really just a drug substance, they are converted with the addition of excipients.
Into a product which is more acceptable to the patient

This process is formulation

The product is known as the dosage form

A selective use of excipient results in various dosage forms

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6
Q

What is pharmaceutics?

A

pharmaceutics is concerned with all aspects of the design of drug delivery systems and integrates, physio, chemical and biological topics.

This provides an understanding of drug absorption and distribution within the body

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7
Q

what is an SSD

A

A semi solid dosage form

That is neither a solid or a liquid, but somewhere in between

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8
Q

What are three major factors in dosage form design

A

therapeutic aspects

Drug factors

Biopharmaceutical aspects

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9
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The rate and extent of drug absorption, following administration

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10
Q

What is pre-clinical drug discovery

A

The goal of pre-clinical drug discovery is to deliver one or more clinical candidate molecules. It is just before the stage of clinical trial phases 12 and three.

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11
Q

What is pre-discovery

A

It is understanding the disease

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12
Q

What is target identification?

A

Choose a molecule to target with a drug

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13
Q

what is target validation?

A

Test the target and confirm its role in the disease

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14
Q

What is hit discovery?

A

Find an initial set of compounds active against the target

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15
Q

What is lead discovery?

A

elite represents a compound series, derived from a hit that demonstrates a relationship between chemical structure and target based activity in by chemical and cell base models

Lead compounds, go through a series of tests to provide an early assessment of the safety of the lead compound

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16
Q

what is ADME/Tox

A

It will have physio chemical properties, potency on selectivity deemed appropriate for in vivo evaluation

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicological properties

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17
Q

What is lead optimism/optimisation?

A

alter the structure of the lead candidates to improve properties (more effective and safer)

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18
Q

What is preclinical testing?

A

laboratory and animal testing to determine if the drug is safe enough for human testing

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19
Q

What is the clinical trials phase 123

A

Many drug trials of placebo controlled, randomised, and double blinded

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20
Q

What does placebo controlled mean?

A

some subjects receive the drug candidate and others receive a placebo

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21
Q

What is randomisation?

A

Each subject in the trial is assigned randomly to one of the treatments

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22
Q

What is double blinded

A

Neither the researchers know the subjects know which treatment is being delivered until the study is over

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23
Q

What is clinical trials phase 1

A

Perform initial human testing in a small group of healthy volunteers

24
Q

what is clinical trials 2

A

Test in a small group of patients

25
Q

What is clinical trials three

A

test in a large group of patients to show safety and efficacy

26
Q

What is approval?

A

Submit an application for approval to the regulatory authority

Using benefit versus risk

27
Q

what is manufacturing?

A

In many cases, a new manufacturing facility must be built, or an old one reconstructed, because the manufacturing process is different from drug to drug

Each facility must meet straight FDA guidelines for good manufacturing practices (GMP)

28
Q

What is phase 4

A

I’m going studies and phase 4 trials

29
Q

What are heterocycles?

A

cycling organic compounds are carbo cycles or heterocycles

carbon cycles contain only carbon atoms

Heterocycles contain all the atoms in addition to carbon, for example, nitrogen and sulphur and oxygen

Heterocycles include many important natural materials as well as pharmaceuticals

30
Q

Give an example of a neutral heterocycle

A

piridine

Nitrogen is infused into the benzene

31
Q

Give an example of a charged heterocycle

A

1-methylpiridine

Nitrogen is infused into the benzene ring and a methyl group is attached onto this nitrogen

32
Q

Give an example of a fused heterocycle

A

quinoline

Nitrogen is infused into a fused structure with two rings

33
Q

what is a saturated heterocycle

A

where no double bonds exist, but a nitrogen and hydrogen ate attached and infused into the ring

34
Q

What is a partially unsaturated heterocycle?

A

Where one ring contain double bonds and the other doesn’t. The one that doesn’t has a nitrogen and hydrogen attached and infused into it.

35
Q

What is a fully unsaturated heterocycle?

A

Where there are no single bonds at all, and all of the bonds are conjugating

36
Q

Give an example of a substituted heterocycle

A

2-chloropyridine

37
Q

give an example of an oxidised heterocycle

A

2-hydroxypyridine

38
Q

what is pyrrole

A

Pentagon structure with two double bonds

N-H infused

39
Q

what is furan

A

A pentagon structure with two double bonds

O infused into the ring

40
Q

what is thiophene

A

Pentagon structure with two double bonds

S infused into the ring

41
Q

what are some properties of pyrrole containing drugs

A

antimicrobial
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-cancer
Antipsychotic
Anti hyper tensive
anti convulsant
Antimalarial
Anti-viral

42
Q

what are azines

A

Six members rings containing nitrogen

43
Q

what is pyridine

A

1N 6 membered ring with conjugation

44
Q

what are 6 membered rings with 2N’s called

A

Diazines

45
Q

what are 6 membered rings containing 3N’s and conjugation called

A

Triazines

46
Q

pyrrole =

A

5

47
Q

pyridine =

A

6

48
Q

What are fused ring heterocycles?

A

Quinoline, isoquinoline and indole are fused, ring, heterocycles, containing both a benzene ring, and a heterocyclic aromatic ring.

49
Q

What two fused ring heterocycles undergo electrophilic substitutions

A

quinoline and isoquinoline

50
Q

purine bases

A

larger

contain 4 nitrogens infused into a ring
One of which is pyrrole

51
Q

pyrimidine bases

A

contain 2 nitrogens in a six-member aromatic ring

smaller

52
Q

benzenes unusual structure

A

each C is sp2 and has a P orbital perpendicular to the plane of the six-membered ring

53
Q

what is Huckels rule

A

2,6,10,14,18…

a planar cyclic molecule with alternating double and single bonds has aromatic stability

number of double bonds times 2

54
Q

What are the four conditions, a molecule must satisfy to be considered aromatic

A

cyclic

Planer (this allows P orbitals to be at right angles to the ring, to join together to form the pi system)

Complete cyclic conjugation and delocalisation of electron density

obey huckles rule

55
Q

describe H NMR ring currents

A

an aromatic ring is orientated perpendicular to a strong magnetic field. Delocalised pi electrons produce a small local magnetic field.
This opposes the applied field in the middle of the ring is reinforces an applied field outside of the ring

This results in hydrogens resonance at a lower field

week 15 (3 decks)

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