The Media - Ownership and Control: Marxist Instrumentalist

Question 1

Bagdikian (2004)

Answer 1

22 companies owned and operated 90% of media in the USA

Question 2

Curran - domination by media conglomerates

Answer 2

over 3/4 of most visited websites affiliated with largest media corporations

Question 3

Ralph Miliband - media owners control media content

Answer 3

• journalists depend on owners for their jobs, so will not use any apparent autonomy (independence) to resist the dissemination of the bourgeoisie ideology
• manipulate content to transmit a conservative ideology, thus narrowed and biased

Question 4

A03

Answer 4

Pluralists: content is driven by profit not ideology
New media: audience is interactive, participatory culture, actively thinking