THE MANDATE IN THE 1920s Flashcards
What event led to the rise of the Third Aliyah and increased Jewish migration to Palestine?
The Third Aliyah (1919-1923) was caused by several factors:
The Balfour Declaration showed Britain’s conditional support for Zionism.
The Russian Revolution and subsequent pogroms led to the killing of up to 100,000 Jews in Eastern Europe.
Nationalism and self-determination in post-war Europe influenced Zionist theory.
The U.S. Emergency Quota Act limited immigration for Jews fleeing Eastern Europe.
The success of the Second Aliyah proved the viability of the Zionist project.Dates: 1919-1923
Why did Jews from Eastern Europe begin migrating to Palestine in the early 1920s?
Jews fled Eastern Europe due to:
Increased antisemitic pogroms, particularly following the Russian Revolution.
The limited immigration options due to the U.S. Emergency Quota Act.
The relative success of the Second Aliyah, which proved that the Zionist concept could work.Dates: Early 1920s
What were the causes of the Jaffa Riot in 1921?
The Jaffa Riot was caused by:
Tensions between rival Jewish factions, specifically the Jewish Communist Party and Ahdut Ha’Avoda Party.
A miscommunication caused Palestinian Arabs to believe that Jews were attacking Arabs, sparking violent retaliation.Dates: 1921
What was the British response to the Jaffa Riot?
The British response included:
Declaring a state of emergency and requesting troop reinforcements.
Dropping bombs to protect Jewish settlements.
Turning away 300 Jewish immigrants at sea to appease Palestinian Arab demands.Dates: 1921
What were the consequences of the Jaffa Riot?
The consequences included:
Segregation: Thousands of Jews moved to Tel Aviv, increasing the separation between Jews and Palestinians.
Militarization of the Yishuv: The creation of the Haganah, a Jewish militia for self-defense, due to perceived British inaction.
Palestinian-British hostility: Increased resentment between Palestinian Arabs and Britain, who were seen as favoring Jews.Dates: 1921
How did Britain attempt to address the political situation in Palestine after the Jaffa Riots?
Britain made political appointments:
Amin al-Husayni was appointed Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and president of the Supreme Muslim Council, a British-created body.
Raghib Nashashibi was appointed Mayor of Jerusalem, in an attempt to exploit factionalism between Palestinian noble families.Dates: 1921-1922
What was the proposed political solution by Britain in 1922 for Palestine?
In 1922, Samuel proposed a ruling council in Palestine, consisting of:
The High Commissioner (Samuel)
10 British-appointed officials
8 Muslims, 2 Jews, and 2 Christians elected by Palestinians.However, it was rejected by Palestinian representatives due to lack of power over key issues like Jewish immigration.Dates: 1922
What was the Fourth Aliyah and its characteristics?
The Fourth Aliyah (1924-1928) was characterized by:
88,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine, mainly from Eastern Europe, especially Poland, and the USSR.
A middle-class demographic with many entrepreneurs, leading to small businesses and light industry.
Rapid economic growth, particularly in Tel Aviv and increased land purchases from Palestinian Arabs.Dates: 1924-1928
What were the causes of the Palestine Riots in 1929?
The Palestine Riots of 1929 were triggered by:
Tensions between Jews and Muslims over control of the Western Wall (a holy site for Jews and Muslims).
Al-Husayni’s actions, including accusations of Zionist conspiracies and provocative actions at the Wall.
Radical and moderate Zionist factions, including figures like David Ben Gurion and Ze’ev Jabotinsky, stoking tensions.Dates: 1929
What role did the Western Wall play in the 1929 Palestine Riots?
The Western Wall was a flashpoint for the riots:
Al-Husayni claimed Jews were attempting to take over the Wall and launched a propaganda campaign.
In 1925, Jews were forbidden from using benches at the Wall, fueling tensions.
In 1926, Jews were forced to tear down a barrier during Yom Kippur prayers, leading to protests.Dates: 1925-1928
What were some of the key events during the Palestine Riots of 1929?
Notable events during the Palestine Riots included:
14th-15th August: Jewish extremists provoked crowds near the Western Wall.
17th August: A Jewish teen was killed, leading to retaliatory violence.
23rd-29th August: Riots escalated in Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed, with widespread killings and violence against Jews and Arabs.Dates: August 1929
What was the outcome of the Palestine Riots in terms of casualties and trials?
Casualties: 113 Jews and 116 Arabs were killed, with hundreds more injured.
Trials: 55 Arabs and 2 Jews were convicted of murder; several others convicted of looting or lesser offenses.Dates: 1929
How did the Palestine Riots of 1929 impact the Yishuv and Palestinian-British relations?
Militarization of the Yishuv: The Haganah became more aggressive, and the Irgun formed, calling for violent retaliation against Arabs.
Palestinian-British Hostility: The British response, including collective fines and convictions, deepened the perception that Britain favored Zionism.Dates: 1929
