The Making of the Modern World

Question 1

When was the beginning of the modern era?

Answer 1

18th Century.

Question 2

Capitalism Definition:

Answer 2

An economic and political system.

Question 3

Colonies Definition:

Answer 3

An area under the political country.

Question 4

Democracy Definition:

Answer 4

A system of government by the whole population.

Question 5

Egalitarianism Definition:

Answer 5

The doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights.

Question 6

Enlightenment Definition:

Answer 6

The action of enlighting.

Question 7

Eurocentrism Definition:

Answer 7

The fact of seeing things from the point of view from European people.

Question 8

Imperialism Definition:

Answer 8

A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonisation.

Question 9

Industrial Revolution Definition:

Answer 9

A time when the manufacturing of goods moved from small shops and homes to large factories.

Question 10

Industrialists Definition:

Answer 10

A person involved in the ownership and management of industry.

Question 11

Nationalism Definition:

Answer 11

Identification with one’s own nation.

Question 12

Penal Colony Definition:

Answer 12

A place where criminals are sent to live.

Question 13

Republic Definition:

Answer 13

Supreme power is held.

Question 14

Slavery Definition:

Answer 14

The state of being a slave. a person who is forced to work for and obey another and is considered to be their property.

Question 15

Social Darwinism Definition:

Answer 15

Peoples that are subject to the same Darwinism laws of natural selection.

Question 16

Socialism Definition:

Answer 16

A political and economic theory of social organisation.

Question 17

Suffrage Definition:

Answer 17

The right to vote in political elections.

Question 18

Transatlantic Slave Trade Definition:

Answer 18

An oceanic trade in African people.

Question 19

What is the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 19

The Industrial Revolution (1750-1914) is the name given to the great changes that began in Britain in the 18th century. It was was a period when dramatic changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times.

Question 20

What was the effect of the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 20

These changes influenced the way in which goods were made, and the way that people lived. The biggest change was that the job of making goods was taken out of small homes and villages into large new centres where goods were manufactured using advanced technology. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, then spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan and eventually the rest of the world.

The Industrial Revolution lead to the use of and increased need for natural resources, such as rubber, timber and wool. This, along with the desire for wealth, control and power, led to many of the European powers expanding their empires.

Question 21

This eighteenth-century world was changed forever
by three great revolutions in human history:

Answer 21

• The American Revolution, 1775–83 — the American
  War of Independence and the creation of the
  American Constitution demonstrated the ability of
  colonial people to achieve independence and establish
  a new system of government.
• The French Revolution, 1789–99 — demonstrated
  the ability of citizens to destroy the power of
  absolute monarchy , and the growth of new political
  ideas such as liberalism and nationalism.
• The Industrial Revolution — demonstrated the
  power of machines to replace the physical labour of
  humans and animals.

Question 22

Inventions made in the Industrial Revolution related to farming and manufacturing:

Answer 22

• Cotton Gin: (1/1/1794) Eli Whitney, an American inventor made the cotton gin. The gin separated the sticky seeds from the fibers in short-staple cotton, which was easy to grow in the deep South but difficult to process. The gin improved the separation of the seeds and fibers but the cotton still needed to be picked by hand.
• Steam Engine: The purpose of an engine is to provide power, a steam engine provides mechanical power by using the energy of steam. Steam engines were the first successful engines invented and were the driving force behind the industrial revolution. They have been used to power the first trains, ships, factories, and even cars.
• Spinning Jenny: The ‘Spinning Jenny’ was an engine for spinning wool or cotton invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves, who had it patented in 1770.

Question 23

Changes made in the Industrial Revolution related to farming and manufacturing:

Answer 23

Fuel, clothing and food all became more affordable. Manufactured goods could be sold halfway around the world.
There were many factories, eg: for textiles, one machine attached to a spinning wheel could do the work of 50 people.

Question 24

What did the changes in technology mean for how and where things were manufactured in the Industrial Revolution:

Answer 24

There were many people working hard to produce items in their factories, and they made enormous profits in their industrial centres. Their products would be more expensive probably because it was hand made.

Question 25

Positive impacts on the Industrial Revolution:

Answer 25

1. It increased job opportunities.
2. It inspired innovation.
3. Production levels increased.
4. Competition was created.
5. It improved processes in virtually any sector.
6. It reduced the influences of borders.

Question 26

Negative impacts on the Industrial Revolution:

Answer 26

1. It changed the world from being a rural culture to an urban culture.
2. We still don’t know the effects of pollution on our planet.
3. Working conditions can be brutal.
4. It wasn’t a global phenomenon (an observable event).
5. It requires natural resources.
6. Local jobs got poached.

Question 27

What are some of the changes and impacts of the TECHNOLOGICAL Revolution on society?

Answer 27

The use of IT enables people to break their past reliance on conventional means of transportation and communication, and expands their scope of development and contacts.

Question 28

What is the Spinning Jenny and its impacts?

Answer 28

The development of the Spinning Jenny by James
Hargreaves in the 1760s. In early models, one person turning a wheel could spin eight spindles of yarn simultaneously. Later models could hold over 100 spindles at one time. However, the cotton produced was still not strong enough to be used for a warp.

Question 29

What is the Steam Engine and its impacts?

Answer 29

First steam engine railroad built by Stevenson in 1825. The invention of the steam engine revolutionised the world when its power was applied to transport.
Historians regard the steam locomotive and construction of railway lines as the most influential inventions since the Roman road.

Question 30

What is the Pig Iron and its impacts?

Answer 30

In 1709, Abraham Darby demonstrated that using coke — coal heated to drive out impurities — in a blast furnace could produce a purer form of pig iron. Although pig iron had many uses, it could be brittle because of the presence of small amounts of carbon. In 1783, Henry Cort developed a method of reducing the carbon content of pig iron through a process known as ‘puddling’: stirring molten metal with rods to bring the carbon near the surface and burn it off. A further process was rolling the iron into a part-molten state to drive off more impurities. This resulted in a product that was stronger and could be bent, rolled or cast into many different shapes. High-quality iron could now be used for making machinery, a huge variety of tools and implements, boilers for steam-driven engines, as well as bridges and the framework for buildings.

Question 31

Most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution:

Answer 31

• The Sunshine Harvester: The development of the Sunshine Harvester in Victoria in 1883 brought major change to Australian agriculture. Seventeen-year-old Hugh McKay built a machine that could winnow the wheat as it was being harvested on his father’s farm.
• The cotton gin: Before its introduction into the textile industry, cotton seeds needed to be removed from fibers by hand; this process was laborious and time-consuming. With the seeds and fibers separated more efficiently, it became much cheaper for farmers to grow cotton for goods like linen. They could also simultaneously separate seeds for crop growth or cottonseed oil production.
• The Bessemer process was the world’s first inexpensive process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron. It is noted for removing impurities from the iron via oxidation as air is blown through the molten metal. Oxidation also helps raise the temperature of the iron mass to keep it molten for longer. The ability to mass-produce high-quality steel and iron allowed a literal boom in using them in many other aspects of the revolution. Iron and steel suddenly became essential materials used to make almost everything from appliances to tools, machines, ships, buildings, and infrastructure. It was in Sweden.
• Modern Battery: Although there is evidence of early batteries from as far back as the Parthian Empire around 2,000 years ago, the first true electric battery was invented in 1800. This world-first was the brainchild of one Alessandro Volta with the development of his voltaic pile. In 1802, William Cruickshank designed the first electric battery capable of being mass-produced. The first rechargeable battery marketed for commercial use was invented in 1859 by the French physician Gaston Plante. Volta’s initial invention sparked a significant amount of scientific excitement worldwide, leading to the eventual development of the field of electrochemistry. In Italy.
• Factory: John Lombe opened one of, if not the, first documented factory in Derby around 1721. Lombe’s factory used water power to help the factory mass produce silk products. Once completed, the mill, at its height, employed around 300 people. On its completion, it was the first successful silk-throwing mill in England and, it is believed by many to be the first fully mechanized factory in the world.

Question 32

What happened in the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 32

The Industrial Revolution shifted from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy where products were no longer made solely by hand but by machines. This led to increased production and efficiency, lower prices, more goods, improved wages, and migration from rural areas to urban areas.

• It Began in Britain.
• It was one of the Biggest Events in Human History.
• Machines Replaced People.
• More People Lived in Cities.
• Economic Conditions Improved for Most People.
• Industrialisation Caused New Problems.
• Production of Clothing and Fabrics was Transformed.

Question 33

What did poverty in the industrialised countries, including Britain drive some people to do?

Answer 33

It drove some people to commit crimes that saw them transported as factories to distant countries such as Australia.

Question 34

What did the Industrial Revolution result in the movement of peoples from the ‘Old World’ to the ??

Answer 34

New

Question 35

What did steam engines do?

Answer 35

Now powered boats and trains that could move people andf their goods cheaply and quickly.

Question 36

The story of mass movement if people began with what?

Answer 36

Slavery

Question 37

Where were slaves transported toi?

Answer 37

Across the Atlantic Ocean to work on the plantations that supplied the convicts in the industrialised countries.

Question 38

What was theh world’s population in the middle of the 18th century?

Answer 38

Circa 791million

Question 39

What waas the world’s population at the beginning oif the 20th century?

Answer 39

Circa 1.7billion

Question 40

What year did the Australian gold rush begin?

Answer 40

1851

Question 41

Identify 3 reasons for people moving around the world:

Answer 41

Gold rush, Granted freedom from slavery, war.

Question 42

Which countries were involved in the slave trade?

Answer 42

Britain and America.

Question 43

In what year was a penal colony established in Sydney?

Answer 43

1788

Question 44

Interesting facts about the Titanic:

Answer 44

• The Titanic Was the Largest Ship of Its Time.
• The Titanic Was Built in Belfast, Ireland.
• Only 2 People Died during the Construction of the Titanic.
• The Titanic Did Not Have Nearly Enough Lifeboats for All Its Passengers.
• Almost Two-Thirds of the People on Board the Titanic Died.

Question 45

What was First Class like on the Titanic?

Answer 45

First class on board Titanic was the ultimate in luxury. It included veranda cafes, a smoking room, restaurant, a dining saloon and a reading and writing room. The facilities on Titanic far surpassed those of rival ships of that time. The first class passengers really dined in style.

Question 46

What was Second Class like on the Titanic?

Answer 46

Passengers in second class had facilities such as a spacious outdoor promenade, a smoking room, a library and dining room. Afternoon tea and coffee was served in the library. The dining room could seat almost 2,400 people at one time and a pianist would entertain the diners.

Question 47

What was Third Class like on the Titanic?

Answer 47

Third class was much more basic with very few facilities, but passengers still enjoyed a high level of luxury compared to other liners of the day. The general room was where most passengers gathered, talked and socialised. There was a piano for passengers to make their own music in the evenings.

Question 48

Explain the links between the Industrial Revolution and European Imperialism:

Answer 48

= the Industrial Revolution created demand to sell their goods a Europe needed material de supplies
= European rule resulted in the construction of roads, railways, communications systems, irrigation works, improved agriculture methods and factories, which were needed used for the industrial Revolution.

Question 49

What is Imperialism?

Answer 49

It’s the expansion of territory by powerful nations often through invasion and colonisation.

Question 50

When did the Age of Imperialism begin and who was it led by?

Answer 50

It began in the 17th century, led by European nations such as Britain and France

Question 51

What happened during the 1700’s and 1800’s?

Answer 51

European people and their power spread across the globe. Europeans sought to control non-European countries for many reasons, including economics, nationalism and security. This spread of European control is known as European Imperialism.

Question 52

What were some of the common beliefs of colonisers?

Answer 52

The colonisers thought they were superior to all those of non-European descent, and some did not consider Indigenous Peoples to be “people” at all. They did not consider Indigenous laws, governments, medicines, cultures, beliefs, or relationships to be legitimate.

Question 53

Outline some of the key points about the English and French empires at the beginning of the 20th century.

Answer 53

• French Empire: The 20th century saw France’s colonial empire move rapidly through the classic cycle of imperial expansion, attempted consolidation, and ultimate (often violent) decline.
• English Empire: Living conditions for the urban and rural poor, however, were often squalid and forces of radical change were already at work. The social reforms of the Liberal government of 1906–14 laid the foundations of what would become known as the welfare state.

Question 54

reasons for European Imperialism

Answer 54

POLITICAL motives were based on a nation’s desire to gain power, to compete with other European countries, to expand territory, to exercise military force, to gain prestige by winning colonies, and to boost national pride and security.

Question 55

NEGATIVE impacts of European Imperialism.

Answer 55

• No Freedom: People were forced to do things against their will and punished if they opposed them.
• More work, Less reward: The colonial masters used many slaves to work in their houses or on their farmlands.
• Exploitation: the bigger countries out of greed exploit the smaller countries. They ship out their mineral resources and use their citizens for hard labor.
• Caused separation among citizens: People expose their countrymen in exchange for promised refuge or positional advantages.
• Forced ways of life: The colonial masters enforced religions and their cultures on the smaller nations.

Question 56

Positive impacts of European Imperialism.

Answer 56

• Improved Defense and proper law enforcement: The colonial masters helped to build borders and strengthen their space from other countries. Constitutions were made to enforce the law among the people. The law enforcement agencies such as the police and the armies were reformed. It also helped smaller countries who have no idea how to make constitutions or how to govern a country.
• Basic Social Amenities: Many smaller nations didn’t know about electricity until the colonial masters came. The representatives of the bigger nation had to build roads, railways, street lights, drainage systems, etc. since they will be living there for some time.
• Improved Agricultural production: On-farm activities improved through their help and post-harvest processing became more effective. Crops become viable and healthy for instant consumption or further processing.
• Improved Healthcare service: The colonial masters built hospitals and brought science manufactured drugs not only for themselves but also for the countries they ruled.
• Civilization: Under-developed and developing countries gain access to new technologies.

Question 57

Identify the main Imperial nations who built empires during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Answer 57

Russia, Italy, Germany, the United States, and Japan became imperial powers in the period from the middle of the 19th century to World War I.

Question 58

the geographical distribution of the British Empire

Answer 58

The British Empire is a term used to describe all the places around the world that were once ruled by Britain. Built over many years, it grew to include large areas of North America, Australia, New Zealand, Asia and Africa, as well as small parts of Central and South America, too.

Question 59

the geographical distribution of the French Empire

Answer 59

Currently, the remnants of this large empire are various islands and archipelagos located in the North Atlantic, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, the South Pacific, the North Pacific, and the Antarctic Ocean, as well as one mainland territory in South America.

Question 60

the geographical distribution of the Spanish Empire

Answer 60

At its greatest extent, the empire included most of Central and South America, as well as important areas in North America, Africa, Asia, and in Oceania.

Question 61

What was the ‘Scramble for Africa’?

Answer 61

The Scramble for Africa is the name given to the way in which European countries brought nearly all of the African continent under their control as part of their separate empires. The Scramble for Africa began in the 1880s. By 1914 the only African countries not controlled by a European power were Liberia and Ethiopia.

Question 62

What was the British Empire?

Answer 62

The British Empire is a term used to describe all the places around the world that were once ruled by Britain. Built over many years, it grew to include large areas of North America, Australia, New Zealand, Asia and Africa, as well as small parts of Central and South America, too.

Question 63

What was the French Empire?

Answer 63

the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.