The machine age

Question 1

machine age

Answer 1

the period in the early 20th century notable for the development of new technology and Industrial processes

Question 2

Fordism

Answer 2

The use in manifacturing industry of the methods pioneered by henry Ford, typified by large-scale mechanised mass production

Question 3

mass production

Answer 3

the manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products, frequetly utlizing assembly line technology

Question 4

assembly line

Answer 4

a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical itens is progressively assembled

Question 5

materiel

Answer 5

military materials and equipment

Question 6

elan vital

Answer 6

the creative life force

Question 7

stalemate

Answer 7

a situation in which no action can be taken or progress made

Question 8

attrition

Answer 8

the process of achieving victory by wearing down the enemy through sustained attack or pressure

Question 9

total war

Answer 9

warfare that includes any and all civillian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets
- mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives prioriity to warfare over non-combatant needs

Question 10

futurism

Answer 10

an artistic movement that celebrated the technological triumph of humanity over nature

Question 11

stalemate on the western front

Answer 11

Due to ‘dominance of the defensive over the offensive’
By 1914, machine guns were popularised, so both sides developed strong trench warfare on the western front - 750km from eglish channel to swiss border
New technology, barbed wire, machine guns ect

Question 12

material attrition

Answer 12

German french and british field commanders concluded that the ‘new type of warfare’ could only be won by exhausting the resources of the enemy → making it too weak to maintain the trench line

all countries involved in the war applied the full force of industrial mass - production to manifacture amunition and weapons which created total war of both the ppl and the economy

Germans labelled it as a ‘battle of materials’

German shell production 343,000/month in 1914 —> 11,000,000/month in 1918
Germany and Austo Hungary produced up to 680 million shells
Allies created 690 shells
Battle of the Somme

Question 12

breaking the stalemate

Answer 12

‘employing 19th century solutions to 20th century problem’
- used elan vital
Exhaust the enemy with firepower
Offensive attrition warfare
-Tanks (first used in the battle of the seinne) very slow, used carbon monoxide , poison and aircraft
Poison gas – mustard, chlorine, phosgene
-Bombardments became progressively more aggressive and devestating to ‘go over the top’

Question 13

British Shell crisis 1915

Answer 13

high rate of fire over a long period was not anticipated and the stock of shells became depleted
David lloyd George - minister of mutitions - started nationalised factories that created 4mill rifles, 1/4 million machine guns, 52 thousand areoplanes, 25k artillery pieces and over 170 mil rounds of artillery shells at the end of the war