Nationalism

Question 1

Nationalism

Answer 1

a belief in the idea of a nation state and placing the interest of that nation above other nations

initiated by the french revolution by arguing that all men ‘are born and remained free and equal rights - Napoleonic wars - ‘citizens’ of a country rather then ‘subjects’ of a king

19th century ‘romantic nationalism’ -Monarchies and foreign control of territories was replaced by self determination and national governments

Question 2

Liberalism

Answer 2

The belief in freedom of the individual

Question 3

conservative

Answer 3

holding traditional values

Question 4

Reactionary

Answer 4

Political views that favour a return to a previous political state of society that they believe possessed positive characteristics

Question 5

Balance of power

Answer 5

a belief that no single power should be allowed to grow to powerful in Europe

Question 6

Self determination

Answer 6

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own government

Question 7

Chancellor

Answer 7

the german equivalent of 1st minister or prime minister

Question 8

Kaiser

Answer 8

german king

Question 9

Junker

Answer 9

A Prussian aristocrat

Question 10

subject

Answer 10

an individual under control of the monarch

Question 11

Citizen

Answer 11

an individual who is a member of a nation state who has rights because they were born in that nation state

Question 12

Napoleon and holy Roman empire

Answer 12

prior 1803 - German speaking central Europe & more than 300 political entities

1806- French army invaded HRE and carved german principalities into french allied states
-HRE dissolved
- inspired german liberal nationalism amoungst middle class

Question 13

Congress of Vienna 1815

Answer 13

• A long term peace plan by maintaining balance of power in Europe
• Leaders were reactionaries and wanted to restore the royal families in the countries conquered by the french
• German confederation is created under presidency of Austria

Question 14

German confederation

Answer 14

An association of 39 German- speaking states in Central Europe created by the COV in order to coordinate economics and replace HRE which was dissolved in 1806

• Austria became president - ensured Austrian supremacy within Central Europe & repress liberal nationalism

Question 15

Liberal revolutions

Answer 15

1848 - series of political revolutions throughout Europe to remove old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states

Question 16

King Frederick William IV (Prussia)

Answer 16

• he declined to use armd forces to suppress the rebellion instead offering concessions to liberals
• promised to proclaim constitution
  -agreed that german states should merge into a single nation
• Frankfurt Parliament offered him the title of ‘Emperor of Germany” – he declined due to opposition of other German princes

1861 - he replaces his brother Wilhelm I as Kaiser of Prussia

Question 17

Otto Van Bismark

Answer 17

chancellor of Prussia
- was a junker and an ‘arch conservative’
- Bismarck advocated the creation of ‘lesser Germany’ that excluded Austria after feat of Austria becoming the leading nation within ‘Greater Germany’

Question 18

Realpolitik

Answer 18

a system of politics based on practical rather than moral idealogical considerations

‘Blood an iron’ speech - ‘The great question of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decsions - that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by blood and iron’

with this policy he provoked three decisive wars against - Denmark, Austria and France – aligning smaller German states with Prussia

Question 19

Serbia

Answer 19

1389 - Battle of Kosovo - Ottomans defeat Serbs - and become part of Ottoman empire

1787 - Austro - Turkish war - Austrian and Serbian troops defeat ottomans

Treaty of Sistova - Austria Agrees to Ottoman empire reoccupying Serbia

Question 20

Serbian Revolution

Answer 20

1805 -15 - Serbia is recognised as an independent principality within the Ottoman empire
1878 - Congress of Berlin - formal Serbian independance recognised