The lungs, mediasinum, pleura and thorax

Question 1

Apex of the lung

Answer 1

Pointed at the top, rise to about the level of the first rib

Question 2

Base of the lung

Answer 2

Broad and concave, the base extends anteriorly to about the level of the 6th rib (xiphoid process) and posteriorly to the 11th rib

Question 3

Mediastinal border

Answer 3

• concave to fit the heart

* Hilum

Question 4

Right lung

Answer 4

Heavier then the left, upper middle and lower lobes divided by the oblique and horizontal fissures

Question 5

Left lung

Answer 5

Divided into two lobes, upper and lower divided by the oblique fissure

Question 6

Bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 6

Further subdivisions of the lung lobes

Question 7

Mediastinum

Answer 7

Cavity that contains the organs and tissues in the thorax between the right and left lung. Bordered anteriorly by the sternum and posteriorly by the thoracic vertebrae
*Compression or distortion can severely compromise thee cardiopulmonary system

Question 8

What lies in the mediastinum

Answer 8

Trachea, heart, major blood vessels, various nerves, portions of the esophagus, thalamus glands and lymph nodes

Question 9

Pleural membranes

Answer 9

*membranes that line the thoracic walls and the lungs

Question 10

Visceral membrane

Answer 10

lines the lungs

Question 11

Parietal membrane

Answer 11

lines the thoracic walls

Question 12

Potential Space/cavity

Answer 12

Thin layer of fluid between the two pleura, allows the two to glide over each other during inspiration and expiration
*pressure inside the plural space is negative, balances the relationship between the lungs and the thorax

Question 13

The Thorax

Answer 13

Houses and protects the organs of the cardiopulmonary system

• 12 thoracic vertebrae form the posterior mid line border of the thoracic cage
• Sternum forms the anterior border (manubrium, body, and xiphoid process)
• 12 pairs of ribs from the lateral (side) boundary of the thorax
• Ribs attach directly to the vertebrae posteriorly (back)
• indirectly to the sternum anteriorly by way of the costal cartilage

Question 14

True Ribs

Answer 14

Pairs 1-7, attach directly to the sternum

Question 15

False rib

Answer 15

Pairs 8, 9, 10, attached to cartilage that is attached to the sternum

Question 16

Floating ribs

Answer 16

pairs 11 and 12, not attached anteriorly

Question 17

intercostal spaces

Answer 17

11, between the ribs, contain blood vessels, intercostal nerves and muscle

Question 18

Diaphragm

Answer 18

*dome shaped
*located between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
*Right and left hemi diaphragms
arises from the lumbar vertebrae, the costal margin and the xiphoid process

Question 19

Accessory muscles

Answer 19

Used during vigorous exercise and advanced lung disease

Question 20

Inspirational accessory muscles

Answer 20

• scalene
• sternocleidomastoid muscles
• pectoralis major muscles
• Trapezius
• External intercostals-used during normal breathing

Question 21

Accessory muscles during expiration

Answer 21

• normal exhalation is passive and requires no energy however when airway resistance becomes significantly increased these muscles may kick in.
• Rectus abdominis
• External abdominis oblique
• Internal abdominis oblique
• Transverse abdominis
• internal intercostals