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Cardiopulmonary A&P > Respiratory Anatomy Part 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Lower Airway

A
  • The tracheobroncial Tree

* Trachea, Main Steam Bronchus, Lobar Bronchus, Segmental Bronchus, Bronchiole, Alveolar Duct, Alveolus

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2
Q

Histology of the tracheobronchial tree

A
  • Epithelial lining
  • Lamina Propria
  • Cartilaginous layer
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3
Q

Mucociliary Transport

A
  • Mucous blanket the covers the epithelial lining
  • 95% water, remainder is glycoproteins, carbohydrates, lipids ect…
  • Sol and Gel Layer
  • Goblet cells and bronchial glands produce the mucus
  • ciliary movement
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4
Q

What are some factors that slow the mucociliary transport system?

A
  • Cigarette Smoke
  • Dehydration
  • PPV
  • Suctioning
  • Hypoxia
  • High FI02 (Fraction of inspired air)
  • Pollutants
  • general anesthesia
  • Anticholinergic Drugs
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5
Q

Trachea

A

11-13 CM long in diameter, Extends from the cricoid cartilage of the larynx to the 2nd costal cartilage, 16-20 C-shaped cartilage

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6
Q

Right main stem bronchus

A

Branches of the trachea at about a 25 degree angle, wider and shorter then the left main stem bronchus, (First generation)

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7
Q

Left main stem bronchus

A

Branches off the trachea at a 40-60 degree angle (First generation)

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8
Q

Carina

A

Bifurcation (When they split) of the R and L main stem, important landmark for intubation

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9
Q

Right Lobar Bronchi

A

Right main stem divides into the upper, middle and lower lobar bronchi, Cartilage forms plates around lobar bronchi, 2nd generation

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10
Q

Left Lobar Bronchi

A

left main stem divides into the upper and lower lobar bronchi, Cartilage forms plates around lobar bronchi (Second generation)

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11
Q

Segmental Bronchi

A

3rd generation, 10 segmental bronchi on the right and 8 on the left. Each segmental bronchi is named according to location within a particular lobe

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12
Q

Subsegmental bronchi

A

Progressively smaller airways, range in diameter from 1-4 mm, Connective tissue supports these airways.

  • As they get down to 1 mm in size connective tissues disappears.
  • 4th-9th generation
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13
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • Non cartilaginous
  • less then 1 mm in diameter
  • no longer surrounded by connective tissue sheaths
  • Found between the 10th and 15th generations
  • Surrounded by spiral muscle fibers
  • Epithelial cells are more cuboidal
  • rigidity is low
  • problem area in asthma
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14
Q

Terminal Bronchioles

A
  • 16th and 19th generations, end of conducting airways.

0. 5 mm in diameter, cilia and mucous glands disappear, epithelium flattens and becomes cuboidal in shape

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15
Q

Canal of lambert

A

*Begin to appear in the terminal bronchioles, located between the terminal bronchioles and the adjacent alveoli. Collateral ventilation in disease

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16
Q

Clara cells

A

Dome-shaped, secretory cells, protect against harmful substances that may be inhaled into the lungs, Repair-stem cells, in the terminal bronchioles

17
Q

Bronchial Arteries

A

Bronchial arteries follow the TB tree, they arise from the aorta and follow the TB tree as far as the terminal bronchioles. They loose their identity and merge with pulmonary arteries and capillaries which is part of the pulmonary vascular system.

18
Q

Venous admixture

A

deoxygenated blood mixes with oxygenated blood, this means blood low in O2 from these veins mixes with blood high in O2 and the overall result is a slight decrease in O2 as the blood returns to the left side of the heart.

19
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

The blood goes back to the left atrium via pulmonary veins

20
Q

Veins that contribute to venous admixture

A

Bronchil, azygos, hemiazygos and intercostal veins

21
Q

Sights of gas exchange

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

22
Q

Primary lobule

A

The three (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs) collectively. AKA acinus, lung parenchyma, and functional units.

23
Q

Alveoli

A
  • 300 million of them, 70 sq meters
  • laid out would equal a tennis court
  • epithelium is composed of 2 cells (type I and type II)
24
Q

Type I Alveoli cell

A

Squamous cell, forms 95% of alveolar surface. 0.1-0.5 microns think, major site for alveolar gas exchange

25
Q

Type II Alveoli cell

A

Composes 5% of the Alveoli surface, cuboidal in shape, primary source for pulmonary surfactant (decreases surface tension)

  • precursors for type 1 cells
  • increase in number in fetal development and in repair
26
Q

Pores of Kohn

A
  • Small holes in the walls of the interalveolar septa
  • Permit gas to move between adjacent alveoli
  • number increases with age and disease
27
Q

Formation of pores of Kohn

A

Shedding of epithelial tissue due to disease, normal break down of tissue as a result of age or macrophage movement

28
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A
  • Type III alveolar cells

* Play a major roll in removing bacteria and other foreign particles that are deposited with the acini

29
Q

Interstitium

A

Surrounds that alveolar capillary clusters, supports shapes and clusters, composed of tight and loose space

30
Q

Tight interstitial space

A

Space between the alveolar epithelium and the epithelium pf the capillary, it is an area where most gas exchange occurs.

31
Q

Loose interstitial space

A

surrounds the bronchioles and alveoli, lymphatic vessels and neutral fibers are found in this area

32
Q

Pulmonary Vasculature

A

Composed of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

33
Q

Hilum

A

Opening in the lungs for vessles

34
Q

Artery layers

A 
Tunica intima (innermost)
Tunica media (middle)
Tunica adventita (outermost)
35
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Resistance vessels

* Plays in important role in the distribution and regulation of blood

36
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Surround the alveoli
  • 0.1 microns thick
  • where gas exchange occurs
  • Endothelium is selective permeable to H2O, electrolytes and sugars
37
Q

Venules and veins

A

*Carry oxygenated blood back to the left heart

Capacitance vessels-Capable of collecting a lot of blood with very little changes in pressure

Cardiopulmonary A&P (3 decks)

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