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Geography GCSE > The living world need to add deserts > Flashcards

The living world need to add deserts Flashcards

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1
Q

What does it mean by biotic?

A

Living things

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2
Q

What does it mean by abiotic?

A

non-living

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3
Q

What are some examples of biotic?

A

plants
animals
fungi
bacteria

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4
Q

What are some examples of abiotic?

A

sun
temperature
water
soil
atmosphere(gas)

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5
Q

What does global mean?

A

large scale ecosystem. Also known as biomes.

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6
Q

What does local mean?

A

small scale ecosystem (ponds, hedgerows and woodlands)

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7
Q

What sort of things influence the type of ecosystem?

A

Temperature
Rain
Latitude
Human activity
Drainage of soil

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8
Q

What are producers?

A

They convert energy from the environment into sugars.

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9
Q

What is the most obvious producer?

A

Plants that convert energy from the sun by photosynthesis.

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10
Q

What are consumers?

A

Get energy from the sugars produced by the producers.

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11
Q

What is a good example of a consumer?

A

A pond snail because the eat plants

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12
Q

What are decomposers?

A

They break down plants and animal materials and return the nutrients to the soil.

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13
Q

What is a good example of decomposers?

A

Bacteria and fungi.

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14
Q

What are food chains?

A

Shows the direct links between producers and consumers in the form of a simple line.

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15
Q

What are food webs ?

A

Shows all the connections between producers and consumers in a rather more complex way.

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16
Q

What is nutrients?

A

Foods that are used y plants or animals to grow.

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17
Q

What are the two main sources of nutrients?

A

Rainwater washes chemicals out of the atmosphere

Weathered rock releases nutrients into the soil

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18
Q

What is the nutrient cycle?

A

When plants or animals die, the decomposers help to recycle the nutrients making them available once again for the growth of plants or animals.

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19
Q

What does Transpiration/evapo-transpiration?

A

evaporation of water from vegetation

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20
Q

What does it mean by litter?

A

dead leaves and plants

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21
Q

What is the food chain of ponds?

A

algae-pond snail-small fish-heron

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22
Q

How is energy lost through the food chain?

A

movement and heat

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23
Q

what are the 6 changes within ecosystems?

A

Human activities
diseases
introducing new species
hunting-called trophic cascade
Climate change
Natural disasters

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24
Q

What is the location of the tropical rainforest biome?

A

At the equator between the tropics

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25
Q

What are some country examples of the tropical rainforest biome?

A

Brazil, Hawaii, Thailand, Malaysia

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26
Q

what is the weather/climate of the tropical rainforest biome?

A

Hot, wet all year

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27
Q

What are the animals in the tropical rainforest biome?

A

Macaw, Toucan, Jaguar, Lemur, Anteater

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28
Q

what are the plants in the tropical rainforest biome?

A

Epiphytes, orchids

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29
Q

What is the location of the grassland biome?

A

Between tropics

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30
Q

What are some country examples of the grassland biome?

A

Argentina, Australia, new Zealand, Russia

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31
Q

What is the weather/climate in the grassland biome?

A

very dry, wet, rainfall is low

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32
Q

What is the animals in the grassland biome?

A

Swift fox, Prong horn, badger

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33
Q

What are the plants in the grassland biome?

A

Asters, clovers, golden rods

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34
Q

Where is the polar biome located?

A

around the north and south poles

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35
Q

What are some country examples of the polar biome?

A

Northern Russia, Greenland, Northern canada

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36
Q

What is the weather/climate in the polar biome?

A

Very cold, icy and dry

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37
Q

What animals are in the polar biome?

A

Artic fox, Reindeer, moose, artic wolf, polar bear

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38
Q

What plants are in the polar biome?

A

Mosses, lichens, sedges

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39
Q

Where are the hot deserts biome located?

A

Between 15 degrees and 35 degrees north and south of the equator

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40
Q

What are some country examples of the hot deserts biome?

A

Western asia, north africa, peru, chile

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41
Q

What is the weather/climate like in hot deserts biome?

A

little rain, very hot during the day and very cold at night

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42
Q

What animals are there in the hot desert biome?

A

camels, foxes, owls, hawks

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43
Q

What plants are there in the hot desert biome?

A

cacti, succulents, shrubs

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44
Q

Where is the tundra biome located?

A

High altitudes (above 60 degrees north)

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45
Q

What are some country examples of the tundra biome?

A

North europe, Canada, Alaska

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46
Q

What is the weather/climate like in the tundra biome?

A

Winters are very cold, summers are brief and little rainfall

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47
Q

What are some animals in the tundra biome?

A

Pika, chinchilla, marrot

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48
Q

What are some plants in the tundra biome?

A

Artic moss, Bear berry

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49
Q

Where is the boreal forest (taiga) located?

A

Found between 50-60 degrees north

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50
Q

What are some country examples of the boreal forest biome?

A

Canada, China, Finland, Japan, Norway

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51
Q

What is the weather/climate like in the boreal forest biome?

A

Winters are cold and dry and summers are mild and mist

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52
Q

What are some animals in the boreal forest biome?

A

Burbot, Lynx, golden eagle

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53
Q

What are some plants in the boreal forest biome?

A

Black spruce, Jack pine

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54
Q

Where is the temperate deciduous forest biome located?

A

Found mainly in the mid-latitudes where there are four distinct seasons

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55
Q

What is the weather/climate like in the temperate deciduous forest biome?

A

Summers are warm, winters are relatively mild and there is rainfall all year round

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56
Q

What animals are in the temperate deciduous forest biome?

A

Squirrels, Rabbits, Skunks, birds, mountain lion

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57
Q

What plants are in the temperate deciduous forest biome?

A

azaleas, mosses

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58
Q

What 3 factors influence biome location?

A

Precipitation
Sunlight
Temperature

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59
Q

How does temperature influence the location of a biome?

A

Most plants need temperatures of over 5 degrees to grow, so length of growing season varies from place to place

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60
Q

How does precipitation influence the location of a biome?

A

Plants need water. It grows if water is there all season, but not if there is a dry season or water is frozen

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61
Q

How does sunlight influence the location of a biome?

A

it affects photosynthesis and therefore plant growth

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62
Q

What is the climate like when there is high air pressure?

A

hot, dry, clear skies

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63
Q

What is the climate like when there is low air pressure?

A

cooler, wet, cloudy

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64
Q

What air pressure does the equator experience and why?

A

Low air pressure because it is very hot so the air rises and cools- moisture condenses which results in lots of clouds and heavy rainfall.

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65
Q

Where is solar radiation most direct and least spread out?

A

at the equator

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66
Q

What does biotic mean?

A

the living things in an ecosystem

67
Q

What does abiotic mean?

A

the non living parts of an ecosystem

68
Q

What does biodiversity mean?

A

the number of different plants and animal species in an area

69
Q

What does interdependent mean?

A

that what happens in one place increasingly has impacts on other places

70
Q

What does stratified layers mean?

A

the non living parts of an ecosystem

71
Q

What does buttress roots mean?

A

Large roots on all sides of a shallowly rooted tree

72
Q

What does adaptation mean?

A

How plants and animals have evolved over time to fit into their unique environment

73
Q

What does drip tips mean?

A

Thick waxy leaves which can shed water quickly to prevent leaves rotting

74
Q

What does climate involve?

A

rainfall and temperature

75
Q

How tall are the trees in the emergents?

A

30-40m

76
Q

What is it like in the emergent layer?

A

Tall trees with buttress roots. They are deciduous.

77
Q

How tall is the canopy layer?

A

20-30m

78
Q

What is it like in the canopy layer?

A

Trees act like an umbrella. Home to birds

79
Q

How tall is the undercanopy layer>

A

10-20m

80
Q

What is it like in the undercanopy layer?

A

Young trees, insects, sloths, howler monkeys

81
Q

How tall is the shrub layer?

A

0-10m

82
Q

What is it like in the shrub layer?

A

Dark, steamy, dead+decaying mattes, infertile soil, orchids, alligators, snakes

83
Q

What is the albedo effect?

A

white surfaces reflect sunlight

84
Q

How have evergreen hardwood trees adapted?

A

-no branches
-buttress roots
-leaves are only at the top

85
Q

How have epiphytes adapted?

A

-nutrients from water and air rather that soil
-roots dangle in mid-air

86
Q

How have lianas adapted?

A

-stems cling to trees

87
Q

How have drip tip leaves adapted?

A

-shed water quickly
-prevents leaves rotting

88
Q

How have sloths adapted?

A

-huge claws
-fur grows away from feet to help shed rain
-green algae grows on fur, prevents predators

89
Q

How have primates adapted?

A

-live in canopy, where food is
-long tails, balance
-strong claws,grip

90
Q

How have big cats adapted?

A

-camouflaged fur

91
Q

How have birds adapted?

A

-very loud calls, easier to hear
-live in canopy
-powerful beaks

92
Q

What are the three main things in the nutrient cycle?

A

-Biomass
-Litter
-Soil

93
Q

Define deforestation?

A

the permanent cutting down and removal of trees for human activity

94
Q

What percentage of rainforest covers Malaysia?

A

67%

95
Q

What countries borders Malaysisa?

A

indonesia,Thialand, Singapore, Brunei

96
Q

What continent is malaysia located in?

A

Asia

97
Q

What hemisphere is malaysia located in?

A

Northern hemisphere

98
Q

What is the capital of malaysia?

A

Kuala Lumpur

99
Q

What seas border malaysia?

A

South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean

100
Q

What are the 6 causes of deforestation?

A

-Palm oil
-Mineral extraction
-Cattle ranching/subsistance farming
-Urbanisation
-Logging
-Hydroelectric power

101
Q

What is subsistance farmiing?

A

Farming for yourself/ not selling

102
Q

What is commercial farming?

A

farming for a projit by selling crops/livestock

103
Q

Define goods?

A

Things directly obtained from the rainfrest

104
Q

Define services?

A

Benefits that the rainforest can offer for both people and the environment

105
Q

Define sustainability?

A

meeting the needs of today without compromising the needs of future genorations

106
Q

What are the two main reasons for rainforests being manages sustainably?

A

-to ensure they remain a lasting resource for the future
-To allow valuable resources to be used without causing long-term environmental damage

107
Q

How to manage TRF sustainably?

A

-Rainforest Alliance

108
Q

What does the Rainforest Alliance do?

A

-wants us to work together
-to choose sustainable ways
-to be one with nature

109
Q

What is selective logging?

A

-felling trees when they are fully grown, and letting younger trees mature. Protects the land from soil erosion

110
Q

What is ecotourism?

A

-Aims to introduce tourists to the natural world.

111
Q

What are the 6 features of ecotourism?

A

-small groups
-local guides
-buildings made of raw materials
-Environmentally friendly buildings
-Nature-based experiances
-limited transport use

112
Q

What is conservation and education?

A

-TRF preserved in areas such as national park or nature reserves
-Areas used for education, scientific research and tourism

113
Q

What is international agreements?

A

-Understood to be global importance
-Made to protect rainforests

114
Q

What is hardwood forestry?

A

-The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
-It promotes sustainable forestry

115
Q

What is debt reduction?

A

-Countries have borrowed money to fund developments

116
Q

Define cause?

A

something that is making deforestation

117
Q

Define impact?

A

something that is happening as a result of deforestation

118
Q

What are 3 impacts of deforestation?

A

-Biodiversity reduced
-More carbon dioxide released into atmosphere
-Soil erosion

119
Q

What is mineral extraction?

A

the removal of solid mineral resources from the earth

120
Q

What is soil erosion?

A

Removal of top soil faster that it can be replaced

121
Q

What is climate change in Malaysia?

A

-Deforestation reduces the amount of carbon dioxide
-Deforestation in the states of Perak(15% loss)
-Deforestation in Kedah(5% loss)

122
Q

What is the 1 economic gain for tropical rainforests?

A

-development of land for mining, farming and energy will lead to jobs both directly and indirectly.

123
Q

What is the 2 economic gain for tropical rainforests?

A

-Companies will pay taxes to the government which can be used to improve public services, such as education and water supply

124
Q

What is the 3 economic gain for tropical rainforests?

A

Improved transport infrastructure opens up new areas of industrial development and tourism.

125
Q

What is the 4 economic gain for tropical rainforests?

A

-Products such as palm oil and rubber provides raw materials for processing industries

126
Q

What is the 5 economic gain for tropical rainforests?

A

Hydro-electric power provides cheap and plentiful energy

127
Q

What is the 6 economic gain for tropical rainforests?

A

Minerals such as gold and tin are very valuable for export. Oil and gas are extracted in Borneo.

128
Q

What is the 1 economic loss for tropical rainforests?

A

-Pollution of water sources and an increasingly dry climate may result in water shortages

129
Q

What is the 2nd economic loss for tropical rainforests?

A

-Fires can cause harmful pollution. They can burn out of control, destroying vast areas of valuable forest.

130
Q

What is the 3 economic loss for tropical rainforests?

A

-Rising temperatures could devastate some forms of farming such as growing tea, fruit, and flowers

131
Q

What is the 4 economic loss for tropical rainforests?

A

-Plants that could bring huge medical benefits and high profits may become extinct.

132
Q

What is the 5 economic loss for tropical rainforests?

A

-Climate change could have economic costs as people have to adapt to living i a warmer world.

133
Q

What is the 6 economic loss for tropical rainforests?

A

-The number of tourists attracted by rainforest could decrease.

134
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Hot Deserts

A

-Less than 10inches of water
-Low precipitation
-found along both tropics
-extreme temperatures and conditions
-day and night temperatures differ from 50-0 due to lack of cloud cover

135
Q

Where is the Thar desert located?

A

In Asia, on the border if North-west Pakistan and South-east India. It is west of the closest city of Juipur, in the indian state Rajasthan

136
Q

What air pressure does Thar desert have?

A

-High air pressure
-no clouds and it is dry

137
Q

How many people live in the Thar desert

A

30 million

138
Q

What are the 4 opportunities in the Thar Desert

A

-Energy
-Tourism
-Mineral Extraction
-Farming

139
Q

What 4 factors make energy an opportunity in the Thar Desert?

A

-Coal
-Oil
-Wind
-Solar

140
Q

How is energy an opportunity in the Thar desert? (COAL)

A

Coal- there are extensive lignite coal deposits in parts of the Thar Desert and a thermal energy plant has been constructed at Giral

141
Q

How is energy an opportunity in the Thar desert? (OIL)

A

-a large oil field has been discovered in the Barmer district which could transform the local economy

142
Q

How is energy an opportunity in the Thar desert? (Wind)

A

-recently there has been focus on developing wind power, renewable. The Jaislamer Wind Park was constructed in 2001. This is India’s largest wind farm

143
Q

How is energy an opportunity in the Thar desert? (Solar)

A

-With its sunny, cloudless skies, the Thar desert offers ideal conditions for solar power generation. At Bhaleri solar power is used in water treatment.

144
Q

How is tourism an opportunity in the Thar desert?

A

-beautiful landscapes
-desert safaris on camels
-annual desert festival held each winter
-locals benefit by providing food and accommodation and by acting as guides.

145
Q

How is mineral extraction an opportunity in the Thar desert?

A

-exported accros the world
-gypum, phosphorite, kaolin
-lots of stone(limestone)
-marble (used in construction industry)

146
Q

How is farming an opportunity in the Thar desert?

A

-subsistence farming
-grazing animals in grassy areas, cultivating vegetables and fruit trees
-commercial farming has grown by irrigation(water land)

147
Q

What are the 3 main challenges in the Thar Desert?

A

-Extreme temperatures
-Water supply
-Accessibility

148
Q

How is extreme temperatures a challenge in the Thar Desert?

A

-50 in summer
-working outside can be hard, for farmers
-high rates of evaporation, water shortages
-plants and animals have to adapt to survive.

149
Q

How is water supply a challenge in the Thar Desert?

A

-low annual rainfall, high temp, strong winds
-some comes from ponds(natural and man-made)
-few rivers and streams.

150
Q

How is accessibility a challenge in the Thar Desert?

A

-limited road network
-tarmac can melt
-strong wind blows sand over roads
-only get to by camel

151
Q

define desertification

A

the process of land turning into desert, as the soil becomes drier and degraded over time

152
Q

define degraded

A

lacking minerals

153
Q

where is the Sahel region

A

area of semi-desert south of the sahara desert in northern africa

154
Q

what is the great green wall?

A

-a line of trees that stretch across the Sahel region to stop desertification

155
Q

what are the 5 causes of desertification

A

-overcultivation
-climate change
-overgrazing
-soil erosion
-population growth

156
Q

why is cultivation a cause of desertification

A

-over cropping land can exhaust soil’s fertility.
-due to small scale subsistence agriculture

157
Q

why is overgrazing a cause of desertification

A

-when too many animals are grazed on one patch of land, all the vegetation is eaten and maybe unable to regrow

158
Q

why is soil erosion a cause of desertification

A

-the exposed top soil becomes backed hard by sunlight.
-the rain washes over it. when it is eroded away, it becomes impossible for the vegetation.

159
Q

what is a drought and why is it a problem?

A

-long periods without rain.
-nothing will grow so people could have no food or water leading to people to become malnourished.

160
Q

why has there been an increase in rainfall when trees have been planted?

A

-trees increase water vapor which forms clouds to cause precipitation

161
Q

how will the great green wall benefit local people

A

-it fights poverty and hunger and it creates jobs and improves health and well-being

162
Q

how will the great green wall affect climate change

A

-the trees will give large amounts of carbon dioxide, reducing greenhouse gases

163
Q

why has growing fruit trees been so important

A

-farmers could increase their income
-increase food production in the area and also help to be part of the great green wall

Geography GCSE (3 decks)

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