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enviromental science > The living enviroment > Flashcards

The living enviroment Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are ectotherms

A

Ectotherms do not have to use energy to generate their own heat

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2
Q

What are endotherms

A

Endotherms internally generate heat, this requires a lot of heat

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3
Q

What is ecological efficiency

A

The percentage of biomass produced by one trophic level that is transferred and incorporated into biomes at the next trophic level

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4
Q

How do you calculate ecological efficiency

A

percentage energy transfer = biomass in higher trophic levels / biomass in lower trophic levels x 100

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5
Q

What is a pyramid of energy

A

It Illustrates the transfer of energy from one level to another

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6
Q

A pyramid of biomass

A

Shows the weight of biological material at each trophic levels

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7
Q

A pyramid of numbers

A

Shows the number of each organism at each trophic level

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8
Q

What is a population

A

A population is a group of individuals of the same species who live together in the same habitat and are likely to interbreed

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9
Q

Things that effect population density

A

•Birth
•Deaths
•Immigration
• immigration

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10
Q

What is carrying capacity

A

The maximum population number which can be supported with the resources available

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11
Q

Density dependant factors

A

•Parasites
•Disease
•Competition between species
•Rates of predation

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12
Q

What does density dependant factors mean

A

Conditions that will effect an ecosystem if the number of a specific species goes above the carrying capacity

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13
Q

What does density independent factors

A

These are conditions that will effect an ecosystem regardless of the number of species within a particular area

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14
Q

What are some examples of density independent factors

A

•Heavy rainfall
•Freezing temperatures
•Decrease in oxygen
•pollution events
•A risk of forest fire

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15
Q

What will animals be in competition for

A

Food, territory and a mate

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16
Q

What will plants be in competition for

A

Space, sunlight, pollinators and water

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17
Q

What is intra specific completion

A

competition between a species

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18
Q

What is inter specific competition

A

Competition between different species for the same resources

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19
Q

What is logistic population growth

A

Population grows until it reaches carrying capacity

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20
Q

What is exponential growth

A

The population increases overtime regardless of resources limits or abiotic factors

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21
Q

What is an non native invasive species

A

A non native invasive species is a species which isn’t native to the habitat and is competing against the native species

22
Q

Non native invasive species impact

A

•Out competing native species
•Prey on native species
•Spreading disease to native species
•hybridisation with native species

23
Q

Non native invasive species impact

A

•Out competing native species
•Prey on native species
•Spreading disease to native species
•hybridisation with native species

24
Q

The methods used to control the spread of non native invasive species

A

•Culling
•Plant control
•Introduction of natural predators

25
Q

What is commensalism

A

Commensalism is a relationship where one benefits one is uneffected

26
Q

What is parasitism

A

Parasitism is where one benefits whilst the other is harmed

27
Q

What is mutualism

A

Two species benefit from living in close proximity to one another eg reproduction, survival

28
Q

What is symbiosis

A

symbiosis is a relationship between 2 different species that live closely together

29
Q

What is a plagioclimax

A

Plagioclimax is where a plant community is prevented from fully developing due to human intervention

30
Q

What is a hydrosere

A

Succession that takes place in or on water

31
Q

What is a Halosere

A

Succession that takes place on mud

32
Q

What is a psammosrere

A

Succession that takes place on sand

33
Q

Examples of pioneer species

A

Mosses and lichen

34
Q

What do pioneer species do

A

Colonise the rock and start to break it down into soil, they then die off and add nutrients to the soil

35
Q

What do pioneer species do

A

Colonise the rock and start to break it down into soil, they then die off and add nutrients to the soil

36
Q

What is succession

A

Succession is a sequence of changes in the types of species present in a community due to changes in abiotic and biotic

37
Q

What is primary succession

A

Takes place in an environment with no soil or vegetation can take 1000+ years

38
Q

What is secondary succession

A

Succession that takes place in an environment that was once inhabited and has become barren, but still contains soil nutrients

39
Q

Features of a Climax community

A

-High biomass -complex food webs
-high biodiversity -stability
-gross productivity

40
Q

What factors determine which climax community

A

Edaphic and climatic factors

41
Q

What is Scotlands climax community

A

Scots pine and birch forests

42
Q

Examples of Plagioclimax

A

Heather moorland

43
Q

Order of Dunes

A

Sand line
The embryo dunes
Fore dunes
Yellow dunes
Grey dunes
Duneslacks
Climax community

44
Q

How is reliablity ensured when sampling

A

By taking multiple measurements and calculating the average

45
Q

How is validity ensured when sampling

A

by having robust experimental design eg keeping the equipment / variables the same

46
Q

Sampling methods can be either

A

Qualitive techniques
Quantitative techniques

47
Q

What is the Qualitive techniques

A

These assess the presence / absence a species list

48
Q

What is the Quantitative Techniques

A

Produce data about numbers and densities

49
Q

What equation estimates population size

A

1st sample x 2nd sample/
2nd sample previously marked

50
Q

name equipment used for

A

define genetic diversity
suggest one weakness for the lincoln index

enviromental science (1 decks)

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