The Life Cycle

Question 1

How many weeks at birth determine prematurity?

Answer 1

< 37 wks

Question 2

What is the APGAR score?

Answer 2

A - appearance
P - pulse
G - grimace (reflex)
A - activity (muscle tone)
R - respiration

To predict likelihood of immediate survival
Each is scored on a scale of 0, 1, 2
10 being the best score
at least 7 is no imminent survival threat
<4 is imminent survival threat

Question 3

In children, what does it mean that cognitive/verbal development progresses from understanding to expression?

Answer 3

a young child typically can understand more words than he can speak

Question 4

Chess and Thomas showed that infants at birth possess temperament. What is temperament? What are the 3 temperament groups?

Answer 4

innate traits such as activity level, reactivity to stimuli, cyclic behavior patterns like sleeping, attn span.

• easy children: adaptable to change, show regular eating and sleeping patterns and usu show positive mood
• difficult children: not adaptable to change, show irregular eating and sleeping patterns, and tend ot have intense expressions of mood
• slow-to-warm-up children: show traits of difficult children but then adapt and improve over time as their exp with social contact increases

Question 5

Briefly describe these ppl's theories of development:
Erik Erickson's
Jean Piaget's
Margaret Mahler's
Sigmund Freud's

Answer 5

Erik Erickson: critical periods for achievement of social goals; if not reached, problems in future

Jean Piaget: cognitive and learning capabilities of the child at each age that are more closely related to neurological maturity than innate potential

Margaret Mahler: sequential process of separation of the child from primary caregivers. The ease in which this occurs determines ability to form trusting and emotionally fulfilling relationships in adult life

Sigmund Freud: parts of body in which most pleasure is derived at each stage

Question 6

In the first postnatal month, children are in normal autistic phase. What does that mean?

Answer 6

state of self-involvement and lack of interest in others

Question 7

When does social smile occur?

Answer 7

btw 1st-2nd months (12 weeks) of life when children bgein to respond to other ppl

Question 8

when do infants start showing special responsiveness to his mother/primary caregivers?

Answer 8

btw 4-6 months

Question 9

when do infants develop stranger anxiety?

Answer 9

9 months

Question 10

What is object permanence and when do infants learn this?

Answer 10

at around 1-year-old, infants learn that even when the objects are not there (toys, ppl), they continue to exist elsewhere -will search for them.

Question 11

What are the 3 spheres of development?

Answer 11

1) Motor
2) Social
3) Verbal/Cognitive

Question 12

Describe these reflexes:
Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex
Palmar Grasp reflex
Moro Reflex
Babinski Reflex

Answer 12

Rooting reflex: touch cheek, turn toward nipple
Sucking reflex: suck nipple & obtain nourishment
Palmar Grasp reflex: grip any object put in palm
Moro Reflex: limbs extend when child is startled
Babinski Reflex: dorsiflexion of toes when the sole of foot is stroked (gone at 1 year)

Question 13

define Rapprochement in toddlers

Answer 13

moves away but then quickly returns for comfort

Question 14

When do toddlers begin to say “NO”

Answer 14

2 years of age

Question 15

From 18 months - 3 years old, how are toddlers playing with each other? What about before 18 months?

Answer 15

parallel play: next to but not reciprocal btw 18 months - 3years; before 18 months –> solitary play.

Question 16

When do children gain bowel and bladder function?

Answer 16

4 and 5 years

Question 17

When do children identify with a gender?

Answer 17

3 years

Question 18

When does cooperative play btw children occur?

Answer 18

4 years

Question 19

When do children have active fantasy life and have strong fear of bodily injury so not a good time for elective procedures, also like to play doctor?

Answer 19

3 - 6 years

Question 20

When do children develop conscience/superego, a sense of morality, empathy, learn that lying is wrong and understand the finality of death?

Answer 20

6 years old

Question 21

When do children begin to compare themselves to others (industry vs inferiority)?

Answer 21

7-11 years

Question 22

When are learning problems usu identified?

Answer 22

btw 7-11 years

Question 23

When do children understand the finality of death? What about when they can understand universality of death (“I can die too”)?

Answer 23

6 -understand they can lose loved ones

9 -they can die too

Question 24

Adolescence is 11-20 years. How are these years divided into early, middle, late? Give characteristics of each phase.

Answer 24

Early: 11-14 (puberty is the physical indicator, tanner staging, usually more obedient)
Middle: 15-17 (risk taking, body image & popularity, less likely to listen)
Late: 18-20 (identity crisis, role confusion, some develop abstraction)

Question 25

Pruning of up to 50% of synaptic connections, and decline in glucose and O2 metabolism occur at which stage of life?

Answer 25

adolescence: 11-20 years

Question 26

Early adulthood is defined as 20-40 years. When is one’s role in society defined?

Answer 26

30

Question 27

Why is middle adulthood (40-65 years) unique?

Answer 27

“sandwich generation” with responsibilites to both older and younger relatives

Question 28

What are some neurological changes of aging?

Answer 28

• decreased cerebral blood flow
• decreased brain weight
• amyloid plaques
• decreased NT availability
• more sensitive to side effects
• increased depression

but intelligence remains the same

Question 29

What are Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying?

Answer 29

• denial
• anger
• bargaining
• depression
• acceptance

not in any order

Question 30

Compare and contrast bereavement (normal grief) vs complicated bereavement

Answer 30

both have initial shock and denial

denial in abnormal grief can last over days or weeks

both have sadness. in normal grief, this will subside over 1-2 years

abnormal grief intensify or persist over time and might involve suicidal thinking or hallucinations

Question 31

If a child at 3 years of age does not feel comfortable being away from the mother, it could be early signs of?

Answer 31

separation anxiety disorder b/c the children should be developing autonomy

Question 32

When can sibling rivalry start?

Answer 32

When someone is 3 years old