ADHD Flashcards
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is now called neurodevelopmental disorder. What are the 3 types of ADHD and describe them
- ADHD combined –> inattentive & impulsive
- ADHD inattentive –> can’t focus
- ADHD hyperactive/impulsive –> can focus, but hyperactive
ADHD symptoms start at a young age usually before 12. What are some inattention symptoms of ADHD? How many of these symptoms and for at least how long does a patient have the symptoms?
6 inattention symptoms for 6 months:
- poor attn –> mistakes
- cannot sustain attention
- does not listen
- does not follow through
- does not organize
- avoids tasks
- loses things
- is distracted
- is forgetful
List some hyperactive/impulsive symptoms of ADHD
6 hyperactive symptoms for 6 months:
- fidgets
- leaves seat
- runs/climbs
- not quiet
- talks a lot
- blurts out
- cannot wait turn
- interrupts
In ADHD, as patient ages, which symptoms (inattentiveness or hyperactivity) persist greater?
inattentiveness
At least 76% of ADHD is heritable. Which chromosome is most obvious finding? What are some genes that are linked to ADHD (broadly speaking?
chromosome 16
- dopaminergic
- noradrenergic
- serotonergic
- neurotransmission and neuroplasticity
Neuronal firing and tone matters. What conditions can hypoactivity and hyperactivity of neuronal firing and tone lead to?
hypoactivity –> ADHD, MDD, Schizophrenia, negative symptoms
hyperactivity –> hypervigilant, psychosis
what’s the link btw neurodevelopment and ADHD?
ADHD brain develops 2 years slower than non-ADHD brain
What’s going on with the anterior cingulate in ADHD patients?
ADHD patients show abnormalities in ACC activation as well as other areas (prefrontal cortex, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, temporal and parietal cortex)
ACC is involved in impulse control, emotions, reward anticipation, decision-making, rational cognitive functions
What’s happening to NE and DA levels in ADHD?
NE –> decrease tonic NE firing in prefrontal cortex
DA –> decrease tonic DA firing in prefrontal cortex
What’s happening to 5-HT in ADHD?
unknown
T/F: Lead poisoning, head injuries, and cigarette use/alcohol use in pregnancy are listed as one of the environment factors that can lead to ADHD
True
What is the most likely psychiatric disorder that a patient with ADHD will have?
anxiety disorder
T/F: ADHD patients at times fall off growth curve because of medications causing lower weight/slower weight gain.
True
What do stimulants that are used in treating ADHD do? What are some stimulants
- promote DA and NE activity
- most carry risk of addition
- paranoia in misuse
- stunt growth, weight loss
- maybe cardiac issues
What are some non-stimulants that are used to treat ADHD because they have no addiction risk?
- atomoxetine (norepineprine reuptake inhibitor)
- guanfacin ER and Clonidine ER (a2 agonists–> improves glutamate transmission)
