The Life Cycle Flashcards
What % births are by C-section?
What’s premature birth?
What’s very premature birth?
1) 32%
2) <32 wks
APGAR used to predict likelihood of immediate survival. what does APGAR stand for
A-apperance (color) P-pulse G-grimace (reflex irritability) A-activity (muscle tone) R-respiration
Compare developed countries to US in terms of mortality rates
US has high rate of premature births so high infant mortality rate compared to other developed countries. No free prenatal care. Low income–> premature birth and high mortality. Prematurity from increased maternal age.
Postpartum Reactions
Baby blues; oxytocin-dopamine interactions associated with maternal-infant bond; major depression in up to 10% of mothers w/in 1 month of birth and can persist up to 1 yr. Postpartum Psychosis = .1%
Spheres of development are motor, social, verbal/cognitive. How do these develop?
From cephalad to caudad and central to peripheral. From self to others, from understanding to expressing (comprehension prior to speech)
Chess and Thomas theory
Temperament (endogenous differences at birth); traits include activity level, reactivity to stimuli, cyclic behavior patterns, reactions to people, mood, distractibility, attention span
Erik Erikson theory
critical periods of social goals (ex trust vs mistrust—>needs to be achieved by a specific age)
Jean Piaget theory
Cognitive or learning capabilities of a child at each age
Margaret Mahler
separation-individuation in enjoying relationships in adult life
Freud
parts of the body in which pleasure is derived
Infancy to 18 month mile marks
attachment, social smile @12wks, stranger anxiety @9months, separation anxiety late in 1st yr (comes with realization of object permanence–>that object still exists even if not visible)
Order of events between babies sitting/walking
sitting without support, standing with assistance, hands and knees crawling, walking with assistance, standing alone, walking alone
Importance of Attachment
Spitz–>observations in orphanages; Psychoimmunology (children w/out attachment are more prone to infections)–>thus family members encouraged to spend time w/children when hospitalized; As a result, formation of foster families. No compelling evidence that child care separations cause long term consequences
Infant Reflexes
1) Rooting reflex = touch cheek turn toward nipple
2) Palmar Grasp reflex = grip any object put in palm
3) Moro reflex = limbs extend when child startles
4) Babinski reflex = dorsiflexion of toes when sole of foot is stroked (disappears after 1yr)
Toddler Years: 18 months-3yrs
Rapprochement: moves away but quickly returns for comfort; Age 2 “No!”, parallel play (next to, not reciprocal); cooperative play by 4yrs; Milestones at 3 yrs: spend a few hrs away from mother in care of another adult, autonomy, bowel/bladder function (4/5yrs), Gender Identity by 3 yrs (understand if male/female)
Preschool: 3-6 yrs
Sibling rivalry, regression, increased vocab (2-4 yrs) including bathroom words, active fantasy life (imaginary friends) but know that imaginary friends aren’t real. Cooperative play at 4yrs. Strong fear of bodily injury (not a good time for elective procedures). Curiosity about bodies (playing doctor)
Milestones at 6 yrs
Development of child’s conscience (Superego); Sense of morality (right v wrong), empathy, lying is wrong, understand finality of death (and associated fears of losing loved ones)
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Do not acquire verbal/social skills at the expected age; no reciprocity, restricted range of interests, clumsiness, seen than dizygotic), assoc w/tuberous sclerosis and Fragile X Syndrome, approx 25% develop seizures
Rett’s Disorder/Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
Rett’s = 4yrs of normal functioning, hand wringing, breathing probs, intellectual impairment, ataxia motor and social declines, Xlinked; Childhood Disintegrative: 2-10 yrs of normal development followed by diminished functioning
