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Rise and Fall of Fascism 1911-1943 > The Liberal State, 1911-1918 > Flashcards

The Liberal State, 1911-1918 Flashcards

1
Q

When did Italy go to war with Libya?

A

1911

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2
Q

What was the political system used by Giolitti

A

Transformismo

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3
Q

What was the crisis surrounding Italian entry into WW1

A

The intervention crisis

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4
Q

What was an economic problem in 1911 involving the whole of Italy?

A

The North/ South divide, the north were significantly wealthier than the south who struggled to industrialise due to lack of funding.

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5
Q

Why was the North/ South divide also a political/ social problem?

A

Because the lack of industrialisation in the South was driving people further north, and consequently building support for the more radical parties in the north.

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6
Q

Why did Italy struggle with Industrialisation?

A

Lack of key resources such as coal, iron and steel meant that they were forced to import masses, including capital.

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7
Q

What were significant domestic successes of Giolitti in 1911-14?

A
  • Reformed Italian literacy levels, making significant progress until WW1 struck.
  • Gained clear vocal support from the pope, meaning that catholics were keen for his leadership.
  • Able to take credit for military success in Libya and the first new colony
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8
Q

Domestic failures under Giolitti?

A
  • Trade unions beginning to crop up, with over 250,000 members
  • Police were left unreformed
  • No real colonial expansion
  • No increase in living standards despite lots of effort on industrialisation.
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9
Q

What did the Italian political system consist of

A
  • Senate (the upper house)

- The Chamber of Deputies (the elected lower House of Parliament)

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10
Q

What was the constitution that guaranteed equality before the law, rights of free assembly and a free press

A

Statuto Albertino

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11
Q

When was Giolitti prime minister

A

1903-14

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12
Q

Why did Giolitti invade Libya September 1911

A
  • there was fear that the french were going to attempt to take that region
  • there was popular support for the invasion
  • Giolitti hope that success in Libya would weaken the Nationalists support
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13
Q

What was Giolitti’s relationship with the church like

A
  • he was the first liberal to gain organised catholic vote
  • the church had a great fear of socialism so this made them more likely to support the liberals as the socialists were not part of their coalisions
  • the pope backed Giolitti in the 1913 elections
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14
Q

What were his relations with the Nationalists like

A
  • set up opposition to Giolitti as they felt he was too soft on the socialists
  • first set up in 1910 an had immense support by 1914
  • they were underestimated by Giolitti
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15
Q

Why did Giolitti believe that the Catholic Church’s support was important

A

He believed that the Catholic support would counterweight to the socialists

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16
Q

Due to the Libyan war what was the franchise extended to

A

All literate men over 21 years of age and all men regardless of literacy over the age of 30

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17
Q

What were some of the reasons for why Italy invaded Libya

A
  • Needs to assert its claims in the region
  • Powerful business interests in Italy
    Popular enthusiasm for the invasion
    Giolitti hipped to weaken nationalist support
18
Q

What were the reasons for supporting neutrality for the war

A
  • An alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary was unattractive to many
  • Neutrality was seen as economically and militarily more favourable
  • The catholics and the political parties of the left were opposed to intervention
19
Q

What were the reasons for the move to intervention in the war

A
  • The nationalist movement
  • The impact of the press
  • The power of the police and the military
20
Q

When was Salandra prime minister

A

1914-16

21
Q

What year was the Treaty of London signed

A

1915

22
Q

What was the treaty of London

A

It was a secret treaty between neutral Italy and the allied forces of France, Britain and Russia to bring Italy into d War one

23
Q

When did Italy declare itself neutral in WW1

A

1914 August

24
Q

What allies did Italy side with

A

Triple entente

25
Q

What were the positives of the invasion

A

-huge success for the Italians as they managed to capture an overseas colony

26
Q

What were the negatives of the war

A
  • Contrary to the belief of Giolitti the invasion increased support for the Nationalists as they claimed that they pressured Giolitti into the war and it was because of them that it was a success - they use their newspaper to enforce this message
  • Nationalists claimed that the war was poorly managed and Giolitti was responsible for the loss of life (3,500 troops) and huge cost (1,300 million lire)
  • the anti war Revolutionary socialists took over from the moderate socialists who were previously in charge of the movement
  • after the war there was an extension of franchise introduced as a reward for those who fought - these new voters did not support the liberals
27
Q

Why did Giolitti resign 21 march 1914

A
  • his alliances had fallen apart

- radicals would no longer support a government that was becoming increasingly reliant on catholic support.

28
Q

Why is gaining colonies good

A

It is a way to achieve identity and unity, as well as to improve the economy through access to raw materials and new commercial markets

29
Q

Who led the attempts to improve the economy in the south

A

Giolitti

30
Q

What is it meant be a trade deficit

A

It occurs when the value of a country’s imports exceeds the value of its exports, a country is buying more goods and services than it is selling

31
Q

When was the Italian Nationalist association founded

A

1910

32
Q

What was the pact of steel

A

It was an alliance between Germany and Italy

33
Q

What were the main crops produced by Italian farmers

A

Silk, hemp, flax, cereals, grapes, oil, fruit and cheese

34
Q

What measures did Giolitti’s government take to improve health and education

A
  • Sickness, accident and pension schemes
  • Raising the minimum working age to to 12 years
  • Setting a maximum number of working hours
    Responsibility for primary schooling passed from municipal council to central government, which saw more benefit in increasing literacy
  • Food taxes were reduced to make food more affordable
  • Laws were passed to enforce public holidays and provide free treatment for malaria
35
Q

What were the reasons for why Italian industrial development was so limited and localised

A
  • A lack of key resources such as iron, steel and coal meant that Italy was forced to import them in significant quantities
  • The labour force was large but it was also unskilled
  • Industrial machinery had to be imported from abroad
    Communications, transport and energy sources were all underdeveloped in most areas.
36
Q

What the Italian public refer to Italy’s outcome of WW1

A

Mutilated Victory

37
Q

The Political System:
Included the _________ (upper house) and the _______ __ _______ elected every __ years and had more political power than the upper house

A
  • Senate

- Chamber of Deputies, 5

38
Q

Industry mainly in the North in 1911 ______, ______, _______ and accounted for 55% industrial income

south mainly ________ and subsistence farmers
High _________

A
  • Milan
  • Turin, Genoa
  • peasants
  • illiteracy
39
Q

___ million Italians emigrated to the ______ by 1915, mainly from south Italy (viewed as disaster due to loss of _____

A

5- USA- skills

40
Q

Giolitti:

PM ______ - _______

sought cooperation between the _________ and _________

favoured the creation of an Italian overseas empire

towards end of the period convinced the Catholics and Socialists to join his __________

A

-1903- 1914

  • catholics
  • socialists
  • coalition
41
Q

Giolitti’s reforms:

improved _________, literacy and the ________ prosperity

workers who failed to see improvements organised themselves into ______ and movements

enacted a series of measures allowing workers to organise, hold peaceful _______ and protests

___________ left unreformed and tended to support elites not workers and Giolitti favoured ________ goals over workers

workers supported parties that supported their interests, widening divisions

A
  • welfare
  • economic
  • unions
  • strikes
  • police
  • economic
42
Q

Socialists:

main aim was the socialist deputies who sat in parliament: mostly _________ who would ally with the liberals to get their voices heard

Socialist deputies could never fully be absorbed as:

_________ used by police against striking workers often led to worker deaths

Socialist party was ________: one group valued cooperation, others felt it was against workers

Wider socialist gov rejected Giolitti’s gov as _________ and ___________

A
  • Moderates
  • Violence
  • Divided
  • Corrupt and Capitalist

Rise and Fall of Fascism 1911-1943 (4 decks)

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