The Liberal State 1911-18 Flashcards
1
Q
_% of Italians were illiterate in 1870 - majority being in the South
A
- 70% of Italians were illiterate in 1870 - majority being in the South
2
Q
in __, universal manhood suffrage had been introduced in Italy
A
- in 1912, universal manhood suffrage had been introduced in Italy
3
Q
when was the Invasion of Libya
A
- 29th September 1911
4
Q
who was in the Triple alliance
A
- Germany
- Austria-Hungary
- Italy (originally in this alliance)
5
Q
who was in the Triple Entente
A
- France
- Britain
- Russia
- USA
6
Q
when did Italy join the war + who with
A
- Italy joined war in 1915 with the Triple Entente
7
Q
why did Italy join the war with the Triple Entente
A
- joined due to strikes against their neutrality - Salandra worried of revolution
- in winter of 1914, the triple alliance was struggling
- entente offered irredente lands for italy
- Italy signed the Treaty of London in 1915 which agreed on this
- the war gave Salandra the opportunity to introduce repressive legislation
8
Q
under General Diaz, casualty rates fell from __ in 1917 to __ in 1918
A
- under General Diaz, casualty rates fell from 520,000 in 1917 to 140,000 in 1918
9
Q
what is evidence for Italy’s economic improvement throughout the war
A
- Fiat (an Italian brand) established itself as Europe’s leading truck manufacturer
- Fiat produced 25,000 trucks in 1918
10
Q
by __, bread and pasta were being rationed, and meat and sugar consumption was falling sharply
A
- by 1917, bread and pasta were being rationed, and meat and sugar consumption was falling sharply
11
Q
by __, Italy was _bn lire in debt
A
- by 1919, Italy was 85bn lire in debt
12
Q
in the Nov 1919 election, socialists had won _ seats
A
- in the Nov 1919 election, socialists had won 156 seats
13
Q
who created the term ‘mutilated victory’
A
- the nationalist poet Gabriel D’Annunzio
- meant victory but at a cost
14
Q
what is evidence of a mutilated victory post war
A
- 85bn lire of debt
- 2 million unemployed
- inflation of prices by 400%
- casualties of over 1.6 million
- disputes over Fiume
- Nationalists blamed Liberals for this
15
Q
who didn’t want war
A
- poor southerners
- socialists
- catholics
- Giolitti
16
Q
outline the Seizure of Fiume
A
- sept 1919
- Nationalist poet Gabrielle D’Annuzio led 2,000 armed men to Fiume (part of newly formed Yugoslavia) and occupied it
- he was seen as a hero as a vocal critic of the inadequate Lib government
17
Q
after the __ election, the _ were the largest single group in PLT
A
- after the Nov 1919 election, the Socialists were the largest single group in PLT
18
Q
outline the background behind the seizure of Fiume
A
- after the war, nationalists demanded that Italy be given the City of Fiume as well as the agreed Irredente lands, as Fiume’s population was 50% Italian speaking
- when the Entente rejected Orlando’s claims to it, nationalists blamed Libs
19
Q
outline the Invasion of Libya
A
- 29th Sep 1911
- Italy wanted to assert its colonial claim in North Africa; public supported this
- Italy seized coastal towns, but then had to fight Turkish + Arab forces - Italy won
- Nationalists blamed slow success on Libs but took credit for win
- war destroyed Giolitti’s cooperation with Socialists
20
Q
what is evidence of the North South divide
A
- 1910: North had 48% of Italy’s wealth whilst the South had 27%
21
Q
between - there were _ different Governments
A
- between 1870-1915 there were 20 different Governments
22
Q
what were the problems Italy faced post-unification (1870)
A
- limited franchise - men got vote in 1912
- wealth imbalance between North-South
- poverty increased, leading to diseases like TB, Cholera killing thousands
23
Q
outline the concept of irredentism
A
- Italy’s unification would only be complete if all Italian speaking lands were united - e.g. Trieste, Fiume
24
Q
name an issue that Socialists gave Giolitti in 1911-14
A
- many S believed that Giolitti’s reforms were aimed at avoiding instability rather than actually helping the poor
25
what issues did Nationalists give Giolitti in 1911-14
- Ns saw Giolitti as weak + werent willing to work with Liberals
- Ns wanted an aggressive foreign policy to claim lands in Africa
26
define trasformismo
- trasformismo = the political strategy of making a flexible, centrist coalition Govt w/o the extreme left or right to create political stability without divisions
27
what issues didnt Catholics give Giolitti in 1911-14
- Giolitti won the organised Catholic vote
- Catholics cooperated w Libs
28
why did italy remain neutral until 1915
- wasn't in a strong position economically/ militarily to join
- triple alliance weren't strong allies to join with
- Catholics + LW parties opposed intervention - domestic issues should be priority
- after A-H declared war on Serbia, Italy felt they broke the terms of the triple alliance, and so didn't help A-H in the Balkans
29
outline the advantages + disadvantages of italy joining the war with the triple alliance
advantages:
- relations with Germany + Austria-Hungary wont worsen
- if they won the war they may have benefits such as land
disadvantages:
- Italy wouldn't have gotten Austro-Hungarian land back (Trentinto)
30
outline the advantages + disadvantages of italy joining the war with the triple entente
advantages:
- Italy was promised land if they won
- PM Salandra + Nationalists supported this
disadvantages:
- if they lost the war, they would have largely suffered
- would have worsened relations with triple alliance
31
outline the advantages + disadvantages of italy remaining neutral
advantages:
- wouldn't have the cost of war + loss of soldiers
disadvantages:
- would have no gain - no economy boost w/ war production, no new relations, no land gains
32
what are some examples of increased social tensions in italy during WW1
- living standards for soldiers were horrific - thousands killed by cholera + frostbite, treated poorly by commanders
- many soldiers didnt support the war and surrendered or deserted their posts
33
what are some examples of increased political tensions in italy during WW1
- socialists continued to oppose the war - calling for 'neither support nor sabotage' for the war effort
- conflicts between nationalist (pro-war) and socialists (anti war)
34
what are some examples of increased economic tensions in italy during WW1
- Italy's economy had become unbalanced - inequal growth in northern industries accentuated north-south divide
- was unrest among industrial workers in the north due to long hours + fall in wages
35
what are some examples of reduced tensions in italy during WW1
- the new commander, Diaz, boosted morale amongst italy
- over the course of the war, italy made economic improvements - e.g. Fiat becoming Europe's leading truck manufacturer
36
about _ Italian soldiers were tried for _ for deserting their posts
- about 290,000 Italian soldiers were tried for prison for deserting their posts
37
PSI's membership rose from _ in 1914 to about _ by 1919
- PSI's membership rose from 50,000 in 1914 (pre war) to about 200,000 by 1919 (post war)
38
what happened at the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles in Jan 1919
- leaders of America, Britain + France didn't see Italy as deserving 'great power status' and didn't give Italy the promised land from the treaty of London
- italy did gain minimal land (e.g. Trieste) but not what was promised
- resulted in 'mutilated victory'
39
how many Italians died in WW1
- 650,000 italian soldiers died
40
outline the Defeat at Caporetto
- Oct 1917
- this battle cost 40,000 Italian casualties
- 260,000 were taken prisoner
- Cadorna (commander) blamed the cowardice of soldiers
- Nationalists blamed Govt + PSI
- Govt blamed + sacked Cadorna
41
outline the victory at Vittorio Veneto
- Oct 1918
- defeated Austria-Hungary
- 40,000 Italian casualties, but took 500,000 A-H prisoners
- this Italian victory made A-H sue for peace
- symbolised the greatest moment of the Italian nation; Nationalists said it was achieved through patriotism
42
when was the peace armistice signed
- was signed 11th Nov 1918
- ended World War One
43
whats another name for non-interventionists
- neutralists
44
name some successes of the invasion of Libya 1911
- was greeted with national enthusiasm
- this was italys first overseas colony -- great victory
45
name some failures of the invasion of Libya 1911
- war didn't help Lib PM Giolitti absorb the Nationalists - instead it inc support for ANI
- the war destroyed Giolitti's cooperation with the PSI due to their opposition to invasion
46
outline the impact of the franchise extension
- Giolitti extended the franchise to men who fought in the war/ all men over 30 by 1912
- G hoped this would inc popularity of Libs, but the 1913 election showed the failure of this
- G was now reliant on Catholic support
47
when did Giolitti resign as PM + his replacement
- March 1914
- he was replaced by Salandra
48
outline the Treaty of London
- signed 26th April 1915
- Italy pledged support for Britain, France and Russia (Triple Entente) in WW1 as they offered Salandra the best deal with offering much of the irredente lands to Italy (territorial gain) - e.g. Austrian lands of South Tyrol
- Giolitti + 300 deputies announced their opposition to this treaty and left PLT
49
what was PLTs view of joining WW1
- many politicians didn't want to join the war as it would put a strain on the economy
- the declaration of neutrality split Libs in PLT
- Salandra wanted to join war as it would give him the opportunity to introduce repressive legislation, and so he started making secret discussions with both sides of war
50
when did italy join WW1
- 25th May 1915
51
what were the economic problems after WW1 (mutilated victory)
- huge sums of money had been borrowed form Britain + USA
- Italy was 85 billion Lire in debt
- due to inflation; prices quadrupled + savings were destroyed
- industrial profits decline das there was now no use for war materials like rifles, trucks etc
52
what were the social problems after WW1 (mutilated victory)
- industrial disputes increased as workers resented long hours
- 1919: over 1 million workers went on strikes
- socialist trade union membership increased to 2 million by 1920
- unemployment was largely made up of returning soldiers
53
what were the political problems after WW1 (mutilated victory)
- political divisions widened; workers flocked to PSI whose membership rose to 200,000 - were calling for a social revolution against Lib state
- this scared many MC Italian's + landowners - blamed Lib Govt
- the Govt didn't respond to increasing riots over rising bread prices
- discontent from Italians was made worse by Italy's treatment at Paris Peace Conference 1919
53
how many were unemployed in 1919
- 2 million
54
_ killed _ people in Naples between _-_
- Cholera killed 25,000 people in Naples between 1910-11
55
what was the effect of the 1912 male suffrage bill on Giolitti/ Gov
- the electorate significantly widened, of those who were given the vote, they voted for Catholics/ PPI
- thus, the PPI become more popular after 1912
56
what was Giolitti's nickname
- the 'master of trasformismo'
- he was very good at making political deals with different groups in coalitions
57
what did the Nationalists do to join the war
- the ANI campaigned for intervention in favour of Entente powers
- ANI used the press to popularise their views + allied propaganda supported this
- M was pro-intervention
- but 1915, there was a shift to intervention
58
outline the timelines of Prime Ministers up to Mussolini
- Giolitti: 1911-14
- Salandra: 1914-16
- Boselli: 1916-17
- Orlando: 1917-19
- Nitti: 1919-20
- Giolitti: 1920-21
- Bonomi:1921-22
- Facta: 1922-22
- Mussolini: 1922-43
59
outline the war economy
- the Italian economy was unprepared for war, but by 1918 this deficit had been made up
- this was achieved by 'production at all costs'
- Dallolio recruited peasants + women in factories
- workers placed under military discipline, no strikes allowed, hours increased - led to social discontent
- N-S divide increased as war production was based in North
- bread + pasta were rationed, riots due to food shortages
60
what was a source of disjointedness among soldiers
- many peasants were conscripted, many spoke different dialects and didn't understand why they were fighting
60
outline General Cadorna as a leader
- General Cadorna treated his soldiers terribly
- many soldiers deserted their posts, so Cadorna executed 4,000 of them
- Cadorna once again executed several thousands of soldiers after the Defeat at Caporetto for retreating
- Cadorna was removed + replaced by General Diaz in Nov 1917 who improved conditions for soldiers + decreased casualties
61
outline Giolitti's economic reforms
- G introduced sickeness pay + pension schemes
- raised the minimum working age to 12yrs
- provided free malaria treatment
62
outline the success of Giolitti's economic reforms
- the number of schools increased
- by 1914, Italians had the same life expectancy as other Europeans
- by 1911, national rate for illiteracy fell to 37%
- BUT, no all workers' lives improved, e.g. in the South
62
the 1911 Libyan War cost _ Lire, and _ Italians died
- the 1911 Libyan War cost 1.3billion Lire, and 3,500 Italians died
63
_% of Italians were illiterate in _
- 70% of Italians were illiterate in 1900
64
between _-_, _ Italians emigrated - most from _ Italy
- between 1912-13, 1.5 million Italians emigrated - most from Southern Italy
