The Fascist State 1925-40 Flashcards

1
Q

who was M’s main obstacle to power at this point

A
  • the King
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2
Q

in __, all other political parties were banned

A
  • in Nov 1926, all other political parties were banned
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3
Q

_ Italians were sent to Confino, _ were arrested for anti-fascist activities

A
  • 10,000 Italians were sent to Confino, hundreds were arrested for anti-fascist activities - was little serious opposition
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4
Q

in , the secret police () was formed by _ to spy on Italian civilians

A
  • in 1927, the secret police (OVRA) was formed by Bocchini to spy on Italian civilians
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5
Q

when was the ONB formed + what was it

A
  • April 1926
  • it was an organisation that aimed to physically + morally benefit boys aged 8-18yrs - largely centred around physical fitness
  • aimed to produce young Fascist soldiers
  • was compulsory to age 11
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6
Q

what is an e.g. of a young girls’ organisation

A
  • Daughters of the She Wolf: for girls aged 6-8yrs
  • Little Italians: 8-13yrs
  • Young Italian Women: 14-17yrs
  • many activities were based on becoming good mothers
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7
Q

when was the OND set up + what was it

A
  • set up in 1925
  • OND provided workers with social + sporting opportunities - e.g. cycling groups
  • OND membership gave workers discounted rail tickets + subsidised holidays
  • was subtle propaganda - was ideologically free but gained M support
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8
Q

there were increased _ for newspapers that said positive things about _

A
  • there were increased subsidies for newspapers that said positive things about M
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8
Q

by _, the OND had over _ members

A
  • by 1939, the OND had over 4m members
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8
Q

by _, there were over _ registered radio sets

A
  • by 1938, there were over 1m registered radio sets
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8
Q

_ newspapers only accounted for _% if the entire newspaper sales in Italy

A
  • fascist newspapers only accounted for 10% if the entire newspaper sales in Italy
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8
Q

to spread the idea of the Cult of il Duce, _ photos of M was circulated

A
  • to spread the idea of the Cult of il Duce, 30 million photos of M was circulated
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8
Q

what was the Fascist slogan

A
  • “Mussolini is always right”
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8
Q

when was the National Institute of Fascist Culture created + what was it

A
  • created in 1926
  • encouraged mass participation in Fascist culture
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8
Q

what were films like in Fascist Italy

A
  • films were made to glorify Fascism, e.g. The Siege of Alcazar
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9
Q

after _, the PNF was used as …

A
  • after 1926, the PNF was used as an instrument for M rather than a functioning party for the betterment of Italy
9
Q

how did M deal with the civil service/ judiciary

A
  • anti-fascist judges were replaced with fascist ones - judiciary was no longer impartial
  • imprisonment w/o trial become more common
9
Q

what was the relationship between M + the King

A
  • the K remained head of state with the power to remove M
  • M was willing to keep the K as long as it suited him
  • K wasn’t a great supporter of fascism but wasn’t willing to oppose it - e.g. didn’t get rid of antisemitic decrees in 1938
9
Q

in _, only _% of judges were members of the PNF but was made compulsory in _

A
  • in 1927, only 15% of judges were members of the PNF but was made compulsory in 1935
9
Q

how did M overcome the 1929 economic depression

A
  • public work schemes, e.g. road building
  • welfare spending increased; spending went from 7% to 20% between 1930-40
9
Q

what was the Gov like under M

A
  • was centralised by 1925
  • M was head of foreign affairs, minister for interior + armed forces
  • no election - all ministers were appointed by M
9
Q

when + what was the Vidoni Pact

A
  • made in 1925
  • socialist TUs + strikes were outlawed
  • Fascists were the only representative body for workers
9
Q

outline the revaluation of the Lira

A
  • in Aug 1926, M wanted to revalue the Lira
  • by 1927, the Lira was artificially fixed at 19 to 1 American dollar
  • this revaluation was just for propaganda - to make it seem like the Italian econ was strong - but it actually crippled Italian exports for foreign buyers
  • this exemplified how M’s economic policies had shifted to representing his power rather than the actual economic needs of the Italian people
9
Q

outline the Corporate State

A
  • was an economic policy of M’s
  • corporations would be established in every sector of industry, which would rule it
  • wasn’t successful for the economy but was good propaganda
9
Q

outline M’s autarky

A
  • aimed to make Italy self sufficient
  • agricultural products like wool were stockpiled
  • developed synthetic substitutes - e.g. lanital instead of wool
9
Q

how were births encouraged in the ‘battle for births’

A
  • loans were offered to married couples to encourage birth
  • high taxes imposed on single men
  • it failed; birth rate declined until 1936
9
Q

outline the 3 key areas Lateran Pacts

A
  • Vatican city est as an independent state + Catholicism was the sole R of Italy
  • The Church would receive 1.75 Bn Lire in state bonds
  • Church would remain separate; Catholic Action was the only recognised non-fascist organisation
  • this pact settled the Roman Question
10
Q

in _, M tried to close __, leading to the public criticisation of M by the Pope - but an agreement was formed

A
  • in 1931, M tried to close Catholic Action, leading to the public criticisation of M by the Pope - but an agreement was formed
11
Q

what was Radio Vatican

A
  • Catholics resisted Fascisms totalitarian claims to control every aspect of life
  • RV broadcasted alternative news + info