The Liberal State 1911-18 Flashcards
When was Italy fully unified?
1870
Campanilismo
A feeling of pride and belonging to their place of birth, which was much stronger than any sense of national identity
Risorgimento
‘Rebirth’ , the unification of Italy
Anarchism
The violent overthrow of state authority and control (the government, military and police)and the establishment of a self-governing order where people would be free to live in a society without government rule or laws
Roman Question
The split between the Italian state and the Catholic Church which refused to recognise the legitimacy of the unified nation.
What did the new pope Leo XII do in 1886
Formally forbade Catholics from running for office or voting in national elections
Trasformismo
Political manoeuvring caused by corruption, frequent changes in government and an inability to improve legalisation that might improve the lives of Italians
How many changes of prime minister were there between 1870 and 1922
29
Between 1901 and 1911, how many strikes were there and how many people were involved?
1,500 strikes involving 350,000 workers
What percentage of Italian men had the vote?
Less than 25%
When did an Italian prime minister visit the south
32 years after unification
What cities were involved in the industrial triangle?
Milan, Genoa, Turin
How many people died between 1910 and 1911 and what was the cause
25,000. Cholera outbreak
Irredentism
A movement stating that’s Italy’s successful unification in 1870 should continue until all Italian-speaking areas were incorporated into Italy
What was Giolitti’s main aim?
To make Italy strong and powerful by absorbing the political parties including the socialists, nationalists and the Catholic Church into his liberal government
When was the socialist party founded and what letters stand for it?
1892, PSI
Who led the PSI?
Filippo Turati
Examples of the socialist reforms?
Banning of the employment of children under the age of 12 (1901)
Limiting the working day for women to 11 hours (1902)
Introduction of the maternity fund (1910)
What did Giolitti say about the church in 1904
They were two parallel lines which should never meet
What did Giolitti do for the Catholics?
Allowed a divorce bill and promoted education
What did the nationalists believe in?
Being antisocialist and antiliberal, aggressive foreign policy that looked to expand Italy’s power in Africa was necessary
Who supported the nationalists?
The educated middle class
What letters stand for the nationalists?
ANI
What did Giolitti do for the nationalists and when?
Enter the war on Libya in 1911
How many deputies were achieved in the 1913 election?
79
Who did the war on Libya appease?
Nationalists and catholics
When was the invasion of libya?
29th September 1911
How many Italian deaths were there from the Libyan war?
3,500
How did Giolitti extend the franchise in 1912?
All men who had completed military service and all men aged 30 regardless of literacy could vote
How many deputies did the liberals win/lose in the 1909 election?
Won 318
Lost 71
Anti-clericalism
Don’t want the church involved with politics
Syndicalism
When workers seize control of the government or economy
Liberalism
The rights of an individual, liberty, political equality, freedom of speech
Who argued Italy should join the ww1
Antonio salandra
What treaty did Italy sign and when and who were they joining
Treaty of London on 26th April 1915 on the side of the Triple Entente supporting Britain, France and Russia
How many deputies announced their opposition to salandra’s decision
300
When was salandra reinstated as prime minister
16 may
When did Italy declare war on Austria
25 May 1915
Which political party voted against Salandra’s emergency powers
PSI
What did salandra hope for in the war?
A brief, offensive war with immediate territorial gains
How many Italians died in 1915 during the attempted offences in Austria
62,000
Problems the war created
-nearly 5 million men were conscripted into the army
-no one understood the same language
Luigi Cadorna
commander of the Italian army from 1914-1917. Insisted on effective warfare=death of thousands of Italians. Refused to organise the army for defensive battles. He would shoot disobedient troops
What was the strafexpedition
1916, a major offensive in the Trentine salient in order to open a path that would allow it to attack Verona and Bologna
Who replaced Salandra after the defeat at Caporetto?
Paolo Boselli
What did the defeat at caporetto reveal
The poor state of the army and significant anger and debate within Italy
What were the consequences of the defeat of caporetto
10,000 Italians killed, 30,000 wounded, 300,000 taken prisoner, 400,000 soldiers simply vanished
Socialist response to the war
Opposed it
Saw it as anti-Italian, unpatriotic and blamed the poor performance of Italy’s military.
How many vehicles did Fiat produce in 1918
25,000
Consequence on the economy after war
84.9 billion lire debt in June 1919
What happened in august 1917?
50 workers killed protesting in Turin against bread shortages and the continuation of war
What industries grew between 1899 and 1914
Iron, steel, mechanical, electrical, chemical, car (fiat)
Meridionale
South Italy regions
What did Italy’s foreign policy goals focus on
Irredentism, belief that italy should reclaim the areas of istria and the South Tyrol
What was the PSI split into
Reformists (prepared to work with Giolitti) and maximalists (revolution and violent overthrow of state) E.g Mussolini
What did the nationalists believe about liberal values
That they would encourage selfish individualism
What did count Gentolini do in 1913
Secretly asked liberal candidates to agree to 7 key points in return for Catholic vote
Who replaced Cadorna and what was the result?
General Diaz = more cautious, casualty rates fell from 520,000 in 1917 to 143,000 in 1918
