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History-Italy > The Fascist State (1925-1940) > Flashcards

The Fascist State (1925-1940) Flashcards

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1
Q

Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista (Fascist youth front)

A

December 1921, formed for boys aged 14-17

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2
Q

Gruppi Universitari Fascisti (GUF)

A

Formed in march 1923 followed by creation of Balilla for children aged 8 and 14

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3
Q

Opera National Balilla (ONB)

A

Formed in April 1926, goal of providing ‘for the physical and moral benefit of youth’ through the education of boys between the ages of 8 and 18

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4
Q

Organisations for girls

A

Figlie della Lupa (Daughters of the she wolf) 6-8
Piccole Italiane (Little Italians) 8-13
Giovane italiane (young italian women) 14-17

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5
Q

When were anti fascist teachers removed from jobs

A

1920s

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6
Q

Littoriali

A

National student games involving cultural and debate competitions centred on fascist themes (1934-1940)

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7
Q

Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND)

A

Provided workers with a considerable variety of social and sporting opportunities including bars, football teams, libraries and radios

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8
Q

Benefits of OND

A

Rail ticket discounts
Consumer benefits
Holidays (mountain retreats, beaches) for virtually no cost

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9
Q

How many members did the OND have by 1939

A

4 million

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10
Q

What could prefects do by 1926?

A

Confiscate whole editions of newspapers which were unfavourable to fascist regime
Shut down offending news papers = e.g Avanti!

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11
Q

Types of propaganda to promote fascism

A

Radio, newspapers, cinema, posters, sport

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12
Q

The cult of il Duce

A

Most powerful aspect of fascist propaganda propagated through posters, cinema news reels and radio broadcasts. Portrayed Mussolini as a leader of immense ability who was leading Italy to greatness

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13
Q

How was Mussolini portrayed in the cult of Il Duce

A

A modern, dynamic leader who was a brilliant sportsman and internationally respected statesman

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14
Q

The National Institute of Fascist Culture

A

1926, artists and intellectuals organised into particular associations (fascist syndicate of artists led by Antonio Maraini.
Organised cultural events, free concerts and publications that would encourage mass Italian participation in fascist cultural propaganda

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15
Q

What plays/movies reinforced cult of Il Duce

A

Napolean, Camillo benso Di Cavour, julius caesar = three patriotic leaders who audience were encouraged ti relate to Mussolini and reinforce cult of Il Duce

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16
Q

Confino

A

The Special Tribunals could send political dissidents into exile (usually in the south) for an unspecified amount of time

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17
Q

When were the anti-Semitic decrees introduced

A

1937

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18
Q

Anti-Semitic decrees 1938

A

Anti-Jewish legislation introduced that forbade Italian Jews from marrying ‘pure’ Italians , teaching jobs, owning more than 50 hectares of land, employing ‘pure’ Italians as servants

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19
Q

How many Jews left Italy from 1937-1940

A

6,000

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20
Q

Totalitarian

A

Total control of the state

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21
Q

Reform of customs

A

An ideological campaign that forced all civil servants to wear uniforms and the army and militia to adopt the passo Romano or goose step which Mussolini witnessed in Germany and believed made the army look more imposing

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22
Q

What was the arm salute known as instead of shaking hands

A

Roman salute

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23
Q

What was ridiculed by people

A

Reform of customs

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24
Q

How long was Italy a constitutional monarchy for?

A

Until September 1943

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25
Q

What did the fascist grand council do in December 1928?

A

Granted the constitutional right to limit the king’s power to nominate future prime ministers of Italy and to advise the king on any future royal succession

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26
Q

What did the fascist squads do in October 1925?

A

Murdered 8 liberals in Florence

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27
Q

What had happened to the PNF by 1929?

A

50,000-60,000 thrown out and 110,000 leaving voluntarily

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28
Q

When was Federzoni appointed minister of the interior?

A

17th June 1924

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29
Q

What did Mussolini’s first economic policy focus on?

A

Placating the large economic interest groups such as Fiat and Pirelli

30
Q

Who benefited most from the PNF economic policies?

A

Italian businesses

31
Q

What were the fascist syndicalists in favour of?

A

Policies that gained the support of the working classes

32
Q

Palazzo Vidoni Pact

A

Industrialists recognised the fascist syndicalists as the only representative body for Italian workers and ensured the disillusion of the Catholic, socialist and communist trade unions which were now irrelevant institutions

33
Q

Rocco law

A

April 1926, named after minister of justice Alfredo Rocco. Bans strikes and lockouts
Would have no say in government policy

34
Q

What was Mussolini’s first goal in his economic policy

A

To win over the powerful, established industrial elite of Italian society

35
Q

Who was appointed minister of finance?

A

Alberto De’Stefani

36
Q

What economic policy did De’Stefani favour? What did he do?

A

Little government interference and focused on reducing government spending in order to balance the budget

He deregulated the economy and cut protective tariffs

37
Q

What was the success of De’Stefani’s economic policy? What were the weaknesses?

A

From 1921 to 1924, Italy’s manufacturing production improved Italy achieved a budget surplus

Made agricultural groups unhappy about reduction in tariffs, inflation problems, pressure on lira

38
Q

Who replaced De’Stefani and when? What did this show

A

July 1925, Giuseppe Volpi. Marked a transition in fascist economic policy towards a more regulated, state-run economy. Had a greater personal influence from Mussolini

39
Q

What was the lira artificially fixed at in December 1927?

A

19 to the American dollar and 92.46 to the British pound sterling

40
Q

What was the consequence of changing the value of the lira?

A

Volpi and other economic experts believed it was too high so government had to introduce deflationary measures, massive price reductions, and cut worker’s wages

41
Q

What were the corporations?

A

Mixed union of workers and employers who would discuss and implement national economic planning that was conducive to both their interests = better economy

42
Q

Charter of Labour

A

1927, promised that these mixed corporations would organise Italy’s economy and guarantee workers’ rights in employment, social insurance and welfare

43
Q

National Council of Corporations

A

A consultative body made up of employer and worker organisations representing seven large sectors of the Italian economy

44
Q

What was the next economic law in 1934

A

Implemented mixed corporations representing 22 major economic sectors. Could allegedly fix the price of goods and rates of service, settle industrial disputes, regulate apprenticeships, advise government on economic issues and help produce a more productive economic system

45
Q

Who was minister of corporations

A

Mussolini

46
Q

What was the point in the corporate state?

A

Provided jobs for loyal fascists, excellent propaganda for Mussolini and showed he had overcome problems of class conflict, showed he constructed a “third way” between capitalism and communism that harmonised industrial relations and workers and employers work in sync towards the national interest

47
Q

What did Italy do in response to the Depression?

A

5,000 km of railway was electrified
Welfare also increased to ease difficulties of those who couldn’t get jobs
Banks that loaned millions of lire to Italians were protected

48
Q

Istituto Mobilaire Italiano

A

Provided credit to banks to ensure they wouldn’t collapse

49
Q

Istituto di Ricostruzione Industriale

A

Government bought up shares in banking, industry and commerce to help prop up Italian economy and ensure that these companies did not go bankrupt and collapse.

Provided education on new management techniques
Gave financial and technical assistance to support the growth of these Italian industries which were now state owned

50
Q

Cartelisation

A

Fascist government assisted large businesses to take over small companies with certain sections of the economy = less competition in Italian economy

51
Q

Autarky

A

Quest for economic self-sufficiency in Italy

52
Q

What drove autarky

A

-general decline in Italian overseas trade due to overvalued lira and Great Depression
-sanctions placed on Italy in 1936 in a response to the militaristic actions in Africa
-preparation for war (more prominent in 1930s)

53
Q

When was the lira devalued

A

October 1936

54
Q

What was the aim of the battle for births and when?

A

1927, aimed at encouraging Italians to increase the size of their families so that by the 1950s, Italy would have a population of at least 60 million = military strengthened, competition for employment so low wages, increase number of consumers

55
Q

What was given to employed men in 1928?

A

Tax concessions if they were a family of 7 or more

56
Q

What was the bachelor’s tax?

A

Ensured that single men took on more of a financial burden in comparison to married men with families. Fathers of large families given better career opportunities with promotions and employment in government jobs.

57
Q

What was banned for women?

A

All forms of birth control

58
Q

Battle for Grain

A

1925, an agricultural policy that was linked to autarky and aimed at making Italy self-sufficient in grain

59
Q

What happened in the battle for grain

A

A huge propaganda campaign was launched to free Italy from the ‘slavery of foreign bread’

60
Q

Ruralism and the battle for births

A

Th decline in Italy’s birth rates was closely related to industrial urbanisation and modern city life and it maintain traditional values and boost population, Italy had to protect peasant population and its agricultural industry. Draining of marshes reduced malaria by around 50%

61
Q

‘Empty the cities’ campaign

A

1928, prevented internal migration from Italy’s rural areas to the cities

62
Q

Bonifica integrale

A

Encouraged peasants to stay in rural areas, a massive land reclamation and improvement scheme was launched

63
Q

What did the battle for lira do?

A

Cause serious deflation and hampered Italy’s export industries

64
Q

Anti-clericalism

A

Don’t want the church involved in politics

65
Q

Who was angered by Mussolini’s attitudes to the church

A

Futurists

66
Q

Freemasonry

A

Worldwide organisation made up of secretive clubs, known as lodges, which initiate new members through a series of secret rituals

67
Q

Concordat

A

Any agreement made between Catholic Church and the government of a sovereign state

68
Q

Key aspects of the Lateran pacts

A

-solution to territorial problems with the pope and Rome = providing 44 hectares of land
-financial convention = pope have 750 million lire and 1,000 million in Italian state bonds
-Catholicism recognised as the sole religion of Italy
-Catholic youth groups allowed to continue as long as they did not carry out any political activities

69
Q

Plebiscite

A

Direct vote where entire population vote on a particular proposal that may lead to any amendment in the constitution. March 1929 = asked Italians whether they supported the Lateran pacts

70
Q

Why was there tension between church and the state

A

Youth organisations
Anti-Semitic decrees

History-Italy (5 decks)

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