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xB12W4 > THE LEG AND THE FOOT > Flashcards

THE LEG AND THE FOOT Flashcards

1
Q

what can you see from the surface anatomy of the leg?

A

tibial tuberosity
subcutaneous tibial shaft
lateral and medial malleolus
hallux

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2
Q

what is the sural nerve?

A

S1 S2
a peripheral nerve that arises in the posterior compartment of the leg formed by the union of two smaller sensory nerves: the medial sural cutaneous nerve and lateral sural cutaneous nerve

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3
Q

what does the sural nerve run alongside?

A

the short saphenous vein

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4
Q

what is the medial sural cutaneous nerve a branch of?

A

tibial nerve

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5
Q

what is the lateral sural cutaneous nerve a branch of?

A

the common fibular nerve

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6
Q

what does the sural nerve become in the foot?

A

the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve

lateral calcaneal branch of sural nerve

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7
Q

what does the sural nerve innervate?

A

the skin over the posterolateral aspect of the distal third of the leg.

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8
Q

what does the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve innervate?

A

the lateral side of the dorsum of the foot. This nerve ends as a dorsal digital nerve

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9
Q

what does the dorsal digital nerve innervate?

A

for the sensory supply of the lateral aspect of the fifth toe.

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10
Q

what does the lateral calcaneal branch of the sural nerve innervate?

A

the skin over the lateral portion of the heel.

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11
Q

how are the tibia and fibula connected?

A

by interosseous membrane

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12
Q

outline the bony structure of the foot

A

3 phalanges on each toe (big toe has 2)
5 metatarsals
7 tarsal bones

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13
Q

what are the 7 tarsal bones?

A 
navicular
medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms
cuboid
talus
calcaneus
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14
Q

outline the retinaculum of the foot?

A

theres superior extensor (over ankle) and inferior externsor retinaculum (over foot)
there is inferior fibular retinaculum and superior fibular retinaculum

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15
Q

whats the function of the superior extensor retinaculum?

A

binds down the tendons of extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius, and tibialis anterior as they descend on the front of the tibia and fibula;

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16
Q

what does the inferior extensor retinaculum look like? and what is its function?

A

Y shaped

stabilises all tendons of foot

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17
Q

what does the superior and inferior fibular retinaculum do?

A

They house the tendons of fibularis longus and brevis as they pass through the lateral aspect of the ankle joint posterior to the lateral malleolus

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18
Q

how can you check for a ruptured calcaneal tendon?

A

get the patient to lie face down on the bed and hang their feet over the edfe - if their foot drops straight down, at a right angle to the leg then it is most likely ruptured

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19
Q

what does the tarsal tunnel contain?

describe from medial to lateral

A 
tendon of posterior tibialis
tendon of flexor digitorum longus
posterior tibial artery
tibial nerve 
vein
tendon of flecor hallucis longus

Tom Dick ANd Harry

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20
Q

outline the deep venous circulation of the leg?

A

dorsal venous arch gives off anterior tibial vein.
On the plantar aspect of the foot, medial and lateral plantar veins arise ans combine to form the posterior tibial and fibular veins. The posterior tibial vein enters the leg posterior to the medial malleolus
On the posterior surface of the knee the anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular veins unite to form the popliteal vein

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21
Q

out line the deep venous circulation of the thigh?

A

popliteal vein enters the thigh through adductor canal and becomes femoral vein. We also have the profunda femoris veinwhich drains blood from thigh muscles via perforating branches. The femoral vein leaves the thigh by running underneath the inguinal ligament to form the exteral iliac vein

22
Q

what is the deep venous drainage of the gluteal region?

A

inferior and superior gluteal veins which empty into the internal iliac vein

23
Q

wat are the 2 major superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

the great saphenous vein and the small saphenous vein

24
Q

outline the pathway of the great saphenous vein

A

its formed by the dorsal venous arch of the foot and the dorsal vein of the great toe
it ascends up the medial side of the leg, passing anteriorly to the medial malleolus and posterior to medial condyle of knee
it recieves tributaries from other small superficial veins and then terminates by draining into the femoral vein immediately inferior to the inguinal ligament

25
Q

outline the pathway of the small saphenous vein?

A

its formed by the dorsal venous arch of the foot and dorsal vein of little toe
it moves up the posterior leg, passing posterior to the lateral malleolus and then between the 2 heads of the gastrocnemius muscles before emptying into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa

26
Q

what is the ankle joint called?

A

the talocrural joint

27
Q

what does the talocrural joint connect?

A

distal tibia and fibular to the talus

28
Q

what type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

a hinge joint

29
Q

when is the talocrural joint most stable and why?

A

in dorsiflexion as the wider part of the talus gets tucked in between the medial and lateral malleoli

30
Q

what is the subtalar joint?

A

the articulation between the talus and calcaneus

31
Q

what type of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

ball and socket

32
Q

name all the joints of the foot?

A 
talocalcaneal joint
talocalcaneonavicular joint
calcaneocuboid joint
naviculocuneiform joint
cuboideonavicular joint
intercueniform joint
cuneocuboid joint
tarsometatarsal joint
intermetatarsal joint
metatarsophalangeal joint
interphalangeal joint
33
Q

what are the ligaments that support the talocalcaneal joint?

A

posterior, medial and lateral talocalcaneal ligament

interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

34
Q

what movement is the talocalcanela joint for?

A

eversion and inversion

35
Q

what ligaments support the ankle joint?

A

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

36
Q

what makes up the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle?

A

anterior talofibular ligament
posterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament

37
Q

what ligaments make up the medial collateral ligament?

A

tibionavicular fibres
tibiocalcaneal fibres
anterior tibiotalar fibres
posterior tibiotalar fibres

38
Q

which ligaments support the tibiofibular joint?

A

anterior, posterior and transverse inferior tibiofibular ligament

39
Q

what are the 3 arches of the foot?

A

transverse

medial and lateral

40
Q

which arch of the foot is the highest?

A

the medial

41
Q

what takes the msot weight in the foot?

A

heel then big toe then little toe

42
Q

what do we call the continuation of the deep fascia of the leg when it reaches the sole of the fpoot?

A

the plantar aponeurosis

43
Q

whats the longest ligament of the foot?

A

the long plantar ligament

44
Q

which ligaments in the foot help suport the arches?

A

long plantar ligament
plantar calcaneonavular ligaments
and short plantar ligament

45
Q

what is Pes Cavus?

A

a foot with an abnormally high plantar longitudinal arch

46
Q

what is pes planus?

A

a condition in which the longitudinal arch in the foot, which runs lengthwise along the sole of the foot, has not developed normally and is lowered or flattened out.

47
Q

outline the first layer of muscles in the foot?

A

abductor digiti minimi
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor hallucis

48
Q

outline the second layer of muscles in the foot?

A

lumbricals
flexor hallucis longus tendon
flexor digitorum longus tendons
quadratus plantae

49
Q

outline the 3rd layer of muscles in the foot?

A

flexor digiti minimi brevis
addyctor hallucis
flexor hallucis brevis

50
Q

outline the 4th layer of the muscles in the foot (plantar view)

A

plantar interossei
fibularis longus tenson
tibialis posterior tendon

51
Q

what is bunions?

A

valgus

when we get medial deformity of the head of the first metatarsal and the hallux itself deviates laterally

xB12W4 (7 decks)

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