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xB12W4 > THE KNEE > Flashcards

THE KNEE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest synovial joint in the body?

A

the knee

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2
Q

what type of joint is the knee?

A

a modified hinge joint

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3
Q

what are the 2 joints in the knee?

A

patellofemoral

tibiofemoral

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4
Q

which muscles are involved with flexion of the knee?

A

hamstrings
gracilis
sartorius
popliteus

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5
Q

which muscles are involved in extension of the knee?

A

quadriceps femoris

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6
Q

what muscles are involved in internal rotation of the knee?

A 
semi-membranous
semitendinous
gracilis
sartorius
popliteus
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7
Q

what muscle is involved in external rotation of the knee?

A

biceps femoris

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8
Q

whats the function of the patella?

A

increases the angle at which the quadriceps tendon pulls on the shaft of the tibia so helps with extension
protects the anterior surface of the knee joint.

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9
Q

what type of bone is the patella?

A

a sesamoid bone - embedded in quadricep tendon and gives off patella tendon

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10
Q

why does the patella not show up on x-ray in infants?

A

as in infants its cartilagenous

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11
Q

what is genu valgum?

A

when a person stands up straight and the knees touch but the ankles are apart.

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12
Q

what is genu varum?

A

when the legs curve outward at the knees while the feet and ankles touch

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13
Q

what are the 4 main ligaments of the knee?

A

medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament

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14
Q

what are the attachment points for the medial collateral ligaments?

A

femur and tibia

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15
Q

what are the attachment points for the lateral collateral ligament?

A

femur and head of fibula

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16
Q

whats the function of the medial collateral ligament?

A

medial stability, resists valgus force

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17
Q

what is the function of the lateral collateral ligament?

A

lateral stability , resist varus forces

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18
Q

whats the difference in structure between medial and lateral collateral ligaments?

A

medial is broad and flat and intra-capsular (attaching to the medial meniscus)
lateral is cord like and not intracapsular

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19
Q

whats the function of the cruciate ligaments?

A

anterior and posterior support as well as rotational stability as they lock the knee

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20
Q

are the cruciate ligaments intracapsular?

A

yes

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21
Q

where does the ACL originate and insert?

A

originates - medial wall of the lateral femoral condyle

inserts - middle of the intercondylar area

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22
Q

where does the PCL originate and insert?

A

originates - anterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle
inserts - posterior aspect of the tibial plateau`

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23
Q

in what position is the ACL taught?

A

when the knee is in extension

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24
Q

what happens if the ACL ruptures?

A

the tibia isnt supported from sliding anteriorly so the resting position of the tibial tuberosity may look quite prominent

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25
Q

what happens if the PCL is ruptured?

A

tibia will be displaced backwards, giving a posterior sag look

26
Q

how can we test for ACL rupture?

A

Lachman test
pivot test
anterior draw test

27
Q

in what position is the PCL taught?

A

during flexion

28
Q

what are some common injuries that cause ACL rupture?

A

kicked in football

skiing accidents

29
Q

whats a common way for PCL ruptures to occur?

A

impact from dashboard during crashes

or falling on a flexed knee

30
Q

how do we test for a PCL rupture?

A

posterior draw test

31
Q

what are menisci?

A

medial and lateral fibrocartilagenous strcutures that increase congruence between femur and tibia and act as shock absorbers amd dissipate force

32
Q

describe the 2 different shapes of the medial and lateral menisci?

A

medial is C shaped

lateral is O shaped

33
Q

how do medial and lateral menisci differ in attachment?

A

the medial is attached to the medial collateral ligament which fixes it in place whilst the lateral is not and is mobile

34
Q

why can menisci injuries take such a long time to repair?

A

as they are avascular

35
Q

how are the medial and lateral meniscis attached anteriorly?

A

transverse ligament

36
Q

what movement can tear a menisci?

A

turning the leg suddenly with your weight on it

37
Q

whats the function of the menisci?

A

increases stability and increases weight distribution by creating a larger point of contact between femoral and tibial condyles

38
Q

what is the terrible triad injury?

A

tears in medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus and ACL
(usually a posterior and sideways force causing this as posterior force tears ACL, sideways tears medial CL and medial meniscus is attached to this )

39
Q

what muscle takes the leg out of its locked position?

A

the popliteus - it laterally rotates the femur on the tibia and simultaneously retracts the lateral meniscis

40
Q

what is the Q angle?

A

the angle formed between the quadriceps muscles and the patella tendon - usually 15 degrees

41
Q

what is the knee prone to if the Q angle increases?

A

subluxation

42
Q

why is subluxation more likely to be lateral?

A

due to thw Q angle and that the vastus lateralis is the largest muscle in the quadricep

43
Q

what is the iliotibial band?

A

the thickening of the fascia latae from the iliac crest to the lateral tibial condyle - offers lateral knee support and pulls knee into hyperectension

44
Q

what is the pes anserinus?

A

the conjoined tendons of gracilis, semitendinosus and sartorius muscles at the medial aspect of the knee that inserts onto the anteromedial aspect of the tibia.

45
Q

what are the 4 knee bursa?

A

suprapatellar bursa
prepatellar bursa
infrapatellar bursa
semimembranosus bursa

46
Q

what is the origin and insertion point of the anterolateral ligament of the knee?

A

origin - prominence of the lateral femoral epicondyle

insertion - midway between Gerdy’s tubercle and the tip of the fibular head

47
Q

whats the function of the anterolateral ligament?

A

resisting lateral rotation of the femur on the tibia

48
Q

outline the blood supply to the knee?

A

genicular anastamoses around the knee (branches of femoral and popliteal arteries)

49
Q

which nerves innervates the skin of the knee?

A

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve or branches of the femoral nerve.

50
Q

what is the clinical significance of the pes anserinus?

A

because pes anserinus bursitis is a common cause of knee pain and weakness

51
Q

name all the ligaments of the knee joint?

A 
medial and lateral collateral
anterior cruciate
posterior cruciate 
anterior and posterior meniscofemoral 
oblique popliteal
arcuate popliteal
transverse
52
Q

what is the arcuate ligament? what proportion of the population is it present in?

A

It is a Y-shaped thickening of the posterolateral capsule, which arises from the fibular styloid and divides into:
medial limb: curves over the popliteus muscle to join with the oblique popliteal ligament
lateral limb: ascends to blend with the capsule near the lateral gastrocnemius muscle

only present in 65% of individuals

53
Q

how do you remember where the ACL and PCL attach?

A

LAMP
Lateral epicondyle of femur - ACL
Medial epicondyle of femur - PCL

54
Q

how do we remember the contents of the tarsal tunnel?

A 
from malleolus
- Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry 
Tibilias posterior
flexor digitorum longus
posterior tibial artery
vein
nerve
flexor hallucis longus
55
Q

What is osgood-schlatter disease ?

A

inflammation of the tibial tuberosity

56
Q

who is osgood-schlatter disease most common in?

A

children going through growth spurts

57
Q

what causes osgood schlatter disease?

A

repetitive traction on the tibial tubercle by the quadriceps muscle, via the patellar tendon

58
Q

what is iliotibial band syndrome?

A

irritation of the iliotibial band where it runs over the lateral epicondyle of the femur

59
Q

who is iliotibial band syndrome most common in?

A

runners and cyclists

60
Q

what is a baker’s cyst?

A

a popliteal cyst

61
Q

what are the symptoms of common fibular nerve damage?

A 
Decreased sensation, numbness, or tingling in the top of the foot/outer part of the upper/lower leg.
Foot drop
"Slapping" gait 
Toes drag while walking
Walking problems.
Weakness of the ankles or feet.ot

xB12W4 (7 decks)

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