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THE KNEE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest synovial joint in the body?

A

the knee

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2
Q

what type of joint is the knee?

A

a modified hinge joint

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3
Q

what are the 2 joints in the knee?

A

patellofemoral

tibiofemoral

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4
Q

which muscles are involved with flexion of the knee?

A

hamstrings
gracilis
sartorius
popliteus

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5
Q

which muscles are involved in extension of the knee?

A

quadriceps femoris

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6
Q

what muscles are involved in internal rotation of the knee?

A 
semi-membranous
semitendinous
gracilis
sartorius
popliteus
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7
Q

what muscle is involved in external rotation of the knee?

A

biceps femoris

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8
Q

whats the function of the patella?

A

increases the angle at which the quadriceps tendon pulls on the shaft of the tibia so helps with extension
protects the anterior surface of the knee joint.

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9
Q

what type of bone is the patella?

A

a sesamoid bone - embedded in quadricep tendon and gives off patella tendon

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10
Q

why does the patella not show up on x-ray in infants?

A

as in infants its cartilagenous

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11
Q

what is genu valgum?

A

when a person stands up straight and the knees touch but the ankles are apart.

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12
Q

what is genu varum?

A

when the legs curve outward at the knees while the feet and ankles touch

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13
Q

what are the 4 main ligaments of the knee?

A

medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament

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14
Q

what are the attachment points for the medial collateral ligaments?

A

femur and tibia

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15
Q

what are the attachment points for the lateral collateral ligament?

A

femur and head of fibula

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16
Q

whats the function of the medial collateral ligament?

A

medial stability, resists valgus force

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17
Q

what is the function of the lateral collateral ligament?

A

lateral stability , resist varus forces

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18
Q

whats the difference in structure between medial and lateral collateral ligaments?

A

medial is broad and flat and intra-capsular (attaching to the medial meniscus)
lateral is cord like and not intracapsular

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19
Q

whats the function of the cruciate ligaments?

A

anterior and posterior support as well as rotational stability as they lock the knee

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20
Q

are the cruciate ligaments intracapsular?

A

yes

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21
Q

where does the ACL originate and insert?

A

originates - medial wall of the lateral femoral condyle

inserts - middle of the intercondylar area

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22
Q

where does the PCL originate and insert?

A

originates - anterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle
inserts - posterior aspect of the tibial plateau`

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23
Q

in what position is the ACL taught?

A

when the knee is in extension

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24
Q

what happens if the ACL ruptures?

A

the tibia isnt supported from sliding anteriorly so the resting position of the tibial tuberosity may look quite prominent

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25
what happens if the PCL is ruptured?
tibia will be displaced backwards, giving a posterior sag look
26
how can we test for ACL rupture?
Lachman test pivot test anterior draw test
27
in what position is the PCL taught?
during flexion
28
what are some common injuries that cause ACL rupture?
kicked in football | skiing accidents
29
whats a common way for PCL ruptures to occur?
impact from dashboard during crashes | or falling on a flexed knee
30
how do we test for a PCL rupture?
posterior draw test
31
what are menisci?
medial and lateral fibrocartilagenous strcutures that increase congruence between femur and tibia and act as shock absorbers amd dissipate force
32
describe the 2 different shapes of the medial and lateral menisci?
medial is C shaped | lateral is O shaped
33
how do medial and lateral menisci differ in attachment?
the medial is attached to the medial collateral ligament which fixes it in place whilst the lateral is not and is mobile
34
why can menisci injuries take such a long time to repair?
as they are avascular
35
how are the medial and lateral meniscis attached anteriorly?
transverse ligament
36
what movement can tear a menisci?
turning the leg suddenly with your weight on it
37
whats the function of the menisci?
increases stability and increases weight distribution by creating a larger point of contact between femoral and tibial condyles
38
what is the terrible triad injury?
tears in medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus and ACL (usually a posterior and sideways force causing this as posterior force tears ACL, sideways tears medial CL and medial meniscus is attached to this )
39
what muscle takes the leg out of its locked position?
the popliteus - it laterally rotates the femur on the tibia and simultaneously retracts the lateral meniscis
40
what is the Q angle?
the angle formed between the quadriceps muscles and the patella tendon - usually 15 degrees
41
what is the knee prone to if the Q angle increases?
subluxation
42
why is subluxation more likely to be lateral?
due to thw Q angle and that the vastus lateralis is the largest muscle in the quadricep
43
what is the iliotibial band?
the thickening of the fascia latae from the iliac crest to the lateral tibial condyle - offers lateral knee support and pulls knee into hyperectension
44
what is the pes anserinus?
the conjoined tendons of gracilis, semitendinosus and sartorius muscles at the medial aspect of the knee that inserts onto the anteromedial aspect of the tibia.
45
what are the 4 knee bursa?
suprapatellar bursa prepatellar bursa infrapatellar bursa semimembranosus bursa
46
what is the origin and insertion point of the anterolateral ligament of the knee?
origin - prominence of the lateral femoral epicondyle | insertion - midway between Gerdy's tubercle and the tip of the fibular head
47
whats the function of the anterolateral ligament?
resisting lateral rotation of the femur on the tibia
48
outline the blood supply to the knee?
genicular anastamoses around the knee (branches of femoral and popliteal arteries)
49
which nerves innervates the skin of the knee?
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve or branches of the femoral nerve.
50
what is the clinical significance of the pes anserinus?
because pes anserinus bursitis is a common cause of knee pain and weakness
51
name all the ligaments of the knee joint?
``` medial and lateral collateral anterior cruciate posterior cruciate anterior and posterior meniscofemoral oblique popliteal arcuate popliteal transverse ```
52
what is the arcuate ligament? what proportion of the population is it present in?
It is a Y-shaped thickening of the posterolateral capsule, which arises from the fibular styloid and divides into: medial limb: curves over the popliteus muscle to join with the oblique popliteal ligament lateral limb: ascends to blend with the capsule near the lateral gastrocnemius muscle only present in 65% of individuals
53
how do you remember where the ACL and PCL attach?
LAMP Lateral epicondyle of femur - ACL Medial epicondyle of femur - PCL
54
how do we remember the contents of the tarsal tunnel?
``` from malleolus - Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry Tibilias posterior flexor digitorum longus posterior tibial artery vein nerve flexor hallucis longus ```
55
What is osgood-schlatter disease ?
inflammation of the tibial tuberosity
56
who is osgood-schlatter disease most common in?
children going through growth spurts
57
what causes osgood schlatter disease?
repetitive traction on the tibial tubercle by the quadriceps muscle, via the patellar tendon
58
what is iliotibial band syndrome?
irritation of the iliotibial band where it runs over the lateral epicondyle of the femur
59
who is iliotibial band syndrome most common in?
runners and cyclists
60
what is a baker's cyst?
a popliteal cyst
61
what are the symptoms of common fibular nerve damage?
``` Decreased sensation, numbness, or tingling in the top of the foot/outer part of the upper/lower leg. Foot drop "Slapping" gait Toes drag while walking Walking problems. Weakness of the ankles or feet.ot ```

xB12W4 (7 decks)

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