The Learning Process Part 1 - ATP Flight School Flashcards
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Define learning.
A change in behavior as a result of experience.
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What is learning theory?
A body of priniciples that attempts to explain how people learn.
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What are the two main learning theories?
Behaviorism and cognitive theory
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What is behaviorism?
Human behavior is based on observable and measurable responses to stimuli. External view of learning.
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What is cognitive theory?
Human behavior is based more on a person’s thought process, cognition, and decision-making than external stimuli. Internal view of learning.
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What is a perception?
An observation of the world through the five senses, and the meaning a person gives to that sensation.
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What factors affect perception?
Physical organism, goals and values, self-concept, time and opportunity, and element of threat.
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Give an example of how the physical organism can affect perception.
A student with poor hearing will have a reduced ability to perceive their surroundings.
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Give an example of how goals and values affect perception.
If a student doesn’t believe that a lesson will help them achieve their goals, they may not focus their attention or energy to observe and learn the content.
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Explain how self-concept affects perception.
A student whose experiences build their self-image remains open to more experiences. A student with a negative self-image may think that they aren’t capable of learning or doing something, and may give up before they even try.
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Give an example of how time and opportunity affect perception.
A student who has only seen one landing hasn’t had enough opportunity to percieve or learn the maneuver.
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Explain how element of threat affects perception.
A student will focus all their senses on whatever is scaring them, instead of using the senses to observe the maneuver being taught.
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Define insight.
Insight is the grouping of perceptions into meaningful wholes.
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How can an instructor facilitate student insight?
By pointing out the relationship of perceptions to the lesson being taught.
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Define knowledge.
Information that humans are consciously aware of and can articulate.
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What are the three phases of acquiring knowledge?
Memorization, understanding, and concept learning.
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Describe memorization.
When a student acquires knowledge by memorizing facts and steps in a procedure.
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Describe understanding.
When a student notices similarities and makes associations between facts and procedural steps, organizes knowledge in useful ways, and begins to apply the memorized information.
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Describe concept learning
When a student groups objects, events, and ideas that share attributes that set them apart, which helps simplify detailed facts into general concepts.
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List the laws of learning.
Readiness, effect, exercise, primacy, intensity, recency
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Describe the law of readiness.
Students must see the reason for learning something in order to be motivated to learn.
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Describe the law of effect.
Learning is impacted by a student’s emotional response to the experience. Pleasant and positive feelings enhance learning, whereas negative and frustrating feelings detract from learning.
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Describe the law of exercise.
Connections are strengthened with practice. This is where the “use it or lose it” concept comes from.
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Describe the law of primacy.
A student’s first experience will create a strong, almost unshakable impression, which is why instructors should teach correctly the first time.
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Describe the law of intensity.
Immediate and exciting experiences that engage multiple senses are more effective for learning than boring experiences.
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Describe the law of recency.
The things most recently learned are the easiest to remember.
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What are the domains of learning?
Cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.
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Describe the cognitive domain.
The cognitive domain involves thinking and learning new information or concepts.
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What are the four levels of learning in the cognitive domain?
Rote, understanding, application, and correlation.
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Describe rote knowledge.
The ability to repeat something back which was learned, but not understood.
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Decribe understanding.
Comprehending the nature or meaning of something.
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Describe application.
Putting something to use that has been learned.
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Describe correlation.
Associating what has been learned and applied with previous or subsequent learning.
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Describe the affective domain.
The affective domain addresses a student’s emotions and attitude toward the learning experience.
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Describe the psychomotor domain.
The psychomotor domain is skill-based and includes physical movement, hand-eye coordination and muscle memory.
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List the four general characteristics of learning.
Learning is purposeful, a result of experience, multifaceted, and an active process.
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When is learning purposeful?
When the student understands how the material is going to help them achieve their personal goals.
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How is learning a result of experience?
A student must be exposed to information or action before learning is possible, as well as mentally or physically engage in the learning process.
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How is learning multifaceted?
Students will learn more than what the instructor includes in the lesson plan if they fully engage and observe their surroundings. This includes attitudes, independence, communication, decision-making, etc.
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Why is learning an active process?
Because students must be mentally or physically engaged to learn. Simply attending a lesson does not guarantee that a student has learned the material.
