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History GCSE Core Content (Chapters 1 +2) > The League and Border Disputes in the 1920s/How did the League work for a better world? > Flashcards

The League and Border Disputes in the 1920s/How did the League work for a better world? Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 5 disputes in the League in the 1920s

A
  • Aaland Islands Dispute (Finland and Sweden), 1921
  • Upper Silesian settlement, 1921
  • Corfu crisis, 1923
  • Prevention of war between Greece and Bulgaria, 1925
  • Vilna: Polish-Lithuanian dispute, 1920-1929
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2
Q

What happened in the Aaland Islands Dispute (Finland and Sweden), 1921?

A

Finland and Sweden threatened war over the Aaland Islands but Sweden accepted the League’s ruling that the islands should belong to Finland.

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3
Q

What happened with the dispute over Upper Silesian settlement, 1921?

A
  • Upper Silesia was a rich land with many benefits
  • The League oversaw a peaceful plebiscite (vote) and divided the region of Upper Silesia between Germany and Poland
  • Both countries accepted the decision
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4
Q

What was The Corfu Crisis, 1923? (Card 1)

A
  • One of the boundaries that had to be sorted out after WW1 was the border between Greece and Albania
  • Conference of Ambassadors was given this job and it appointed an Italian general, Tellini to supervise it
  • Tellini and his team were ambushed and killed on 27th August
  • Mussolini was furious and blamed the Greek government for the murder
  • On 31st August Mussolini bombarded and occupied the Greek island of Corfu
  • 15 people were killed
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5
Q

What did Greece do?

A

Greece appealed to the League for help.

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6
Q

What was The Corfu Crisis, 1923? (Card 2)

A
  • The Council was already in session, so the League acted swiftly
  • When League members were in dispute and there was a danger of war, members could take their dispute to the Council and get a judgement
  • By 7th September, it condemned Mussolini’s actions and suggested that Greece pay compensation
  • This compensation would be held by the League to be paid to Italy if, and when, Tellini’s killers were found
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7
Q

How did Mussolini react towards the League’s decisions?

A
  • Mussolini refused to let the matter rest and he insisted that this dispute had to be settled by the Conference of Ambassadors (he thought the League wasn’t competent to deal with the issue)
  • Mussolini even threatened to leave the League if this didn’t happen
  • Mussolini probably wouldn’t have gotten his way if the British and French had stood together
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8
Q

Why didn’t Britain and France agree with each other on the Corfu Crisis?

A
  • British didn’t accept the Italian case and were prepared to send warships to force Mussolini out of Corfu
  • The French disagreed and backed the Italians, probably because their forces were tied up in the Ruhr at the time and couldn’t tackle a dispute with Italy as well
  • The British weren’t prepared to act without the French and now argued that Mussolini’s actions didn’t constitute as an act of war
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9
Q

What was the end result in the Corfu Crisis?

A
  • Mussolini got his way and the COA made the final ruling on the dispute
  • The League’s ruling was changed and instead of condemning Mussolini the Conference ordered that the Greeks apologise and pay compensation directly to Italy
  • On 27th September, Mussolini withdrew from Corfu and boasted of his triumph
  • Much anger in the League over the COA’s actions
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10
Q

Prevention of war between Greece and Bulgaria, 1925 (Card 1)

A
  • In October 1925, Greek troops invaded Bulgaria after an incident on the border in which some Greek soldiers were killed
  • Bulgaria appealed to the League for help
  • It sent instructions to its army
  • The League demanded both sides stand their forces down and Greek forces withdraw from Bulgaria
  • Britain and France backed the League’s judgement (and it’s worth remembering they were negotiating the Locarno Treaties at the same time)
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11
Q

Prevention of war between Greece and Bulgaria, 1925 (Card 2)

A
  • The League sent observers to assess the situation and they judged in favour of the Bulgarians
  • Greece had to pay £45,000 in compensation and was threatened with sanctions if it didn’t pay
  • Greeks obeyed but they complained that there seemed to be one rule for the large states (such as Italy) and another for the smaller ones (such as themselves)
  • Seen as a major success for the League
  • Optimism about the League’s effectiveness soared, everyone seemed to forget the shame of Corfu
  • The great powers were united in their decision
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12
Q

Vilna: Polish-Lithuanian dispute, 1920-1929

A
  • Vilna is the capital of Lithuania
  • In 1920 Poland took control of Vilna
  • Lithuania appealed to the League for help
  • League protested to Poland but the Poles didn’t pull out
  • France and Britain weren’t prepared to act
  • The Polish won
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13
Q

What was the Geneva Protocol, 1924? (Card 1)

A
  • Corfu incident revealed how the LON could be undermined by its own members
  • Britain and France created the Geneva Protocol in 1924
  • It said that if two members were in dispute they would have to ask the League to sort out the disagreement and they would have to accept the Council’s decision
  • They hoped this would strengthen the League
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14
Q

What was the Geneva Protocol, 1924? (Card 2)

A
  • Before the Protocol could be put into an effect there was a general election in Britain
  • The new Conservative government refused to sign the Protocol, worried that Britain would be forced to agree to something that wasn’t in their own interests
  • The Protocol actually weakened the League
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15
Q

How the League worked for a better world: Refugees

A
  • After WW1, about 400,000 prisoners were returned to their homes by the League’s agencies
  • When there was a refugee crisis in Turkey in 1922, hundreds of thousands of people had to be housed in refugee camps
  • The League acted acted quickly to stamp out cholera, smallpox and dysentery in the camps
  • The Refugees Committee was constantly short of funds and its work became more difficult in the 1930s as the authority of the League declined
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16
Q

How the League worked for a better world: Working conditions

A
  • The International Labour Organisation (ILO) succeeded in banning poisonous white lead from paint
  • Limited hours that small children were allowed to work
  • Campaigned strongly for employers to improve working conditions
  • Introduced a resolution for a maximum 48-hour week, and an eight-hour day, but a majority of members refused to adopt it since they thought it would cost their industries too much
  • ILO hampered by lack of funds and power
  • Couldn’t do much more than ‘name and shame’ countries or organisations that broke its rules
17
Q

How the League worked for a better world: Health

A
  • Collected statistical information
  • Spreaded good practice
  • Sponsored research into infectious diseases at institutes around the world
  • These institutes helped develop vaccines and medicines to fight deadly diseases e.g. leprosy and malaria
  • One of the most successful of the League’s organisations
  • Work still goes on today in the form of the World Health Organisation
18
Q

How the League worked for a better world: Slavery and forced labour

A
  • Freed 200,000 slaves in British-owned Sierra Leone
  • Organised raids against slave owners and traders in Burma
  • Challenged the use of forced labour to build the Tanganyika railway in Africa
  • League brought the death rate of African workers from 50% to 4%
  • The L said it was ‘a much more acceptable figure’
19
Q

How the League worked for a better world: Other action

A
  • Provided information on problems such as drug trafficking, prostitution and slavery
  • Blacklisted four large German, Dutch, French and Swiss companies which were involved in the illegal drug trade
  • Produced an international highway code for road users
20
Q

What is disarmament?

A

Process of scrapping land, sea or air weapons and reducing the army size

21
Q

Did disarmament work in the 1920s for the League?

A
  • In the 1920s, the League largely failed with disarmament
  • Japan, Britain and France agreed to limit the size of their navies, but that was as far as disarmament ever got
  • The failure was damaging to the League’s reputation in Germany
  • Germany had disarmed by force
  • But no other countries had been disarmed to the same extent
22
Q

What were the international agreements of the 1920s?

A
  • 1921 Washington Conference: USA, Britain, France and Japan agreed to limit the size of their navies.
  • 1922 Rapallo Treaty: The USSR and Germany re-established diplomatic relations.
  • 1924 Dawes Plan: The USA lent money to Germany to help with reparations.
  • 1925 Locarno treaties
  • 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact/Pact of Paris: 65 nations agreed not to use force to settle disputes.
  • 1929 Young Plan: Reduced Germany’s reparations payments.
23
Q

What was the 1925 Locarno treaties?

A

Germany accepted its western borders as set out in the TOV. This was greeted with great enthusiasm, especially in France. It paved the way for Germany to join the League of Nations.
*Stresemann tried to follow some terms in the TOV so that Germany could join the LON

24
Q

How was the economy doing in various countries during the late 1920s?

A
  • After the difficulty of the early 1920s, the economies of the European countries were once again recovering
  • Dawes Plan, 1924 had helped Germany and the economies of B and F moving again
  • Increased trade between countries reduced political tensions, this is why one of the League’s aims was to encourage trading
  • When countries trade, they’re less likely to go to war
25
Q

What do some historians believe the biggest achievement of the League was?

A
  • The way the League helped to develop an ‘internationalist mind-set’ among leaders
  • This meant it encouraged them to think in terms of collaborating rather than competing
  • One way it did was simply by existing!
  • Great and small powers felt that it was worth sending their ministers to League meetings throughout the 1920s and 30s
  • They talked together, which they might not have done otherwise
  • Even when powerful countries acted on their own (e.g. over Corfu) it was often after their ministers had discussed their plans at League meetings
26
Q

When did Germany join the League of Nations?

A

September 1926

History GCSE Core Content (Chapters 1 +2) (9 decks)

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