The Latin East, 1099–1144, and the rise of Zengi Flashcards
1
Q
Why do the Crusader States make no sense strategically?
A
1) Large open border
2) Multiple enemies on all sides
3) Very close to important Muslim towns (e.g. Damascus and Aleppo)
2
Q
Why is the County of Edessa the most exposed Crusader State?
A
1) Completely land locked
2) Exposed to the Seljuqs
3
Q
What are the strengths of the Crusader States?
A
1) Have complete control of the Levantine coast
2) Built in ally with the Christian Principality of Armenia Cilicia
4
Q
Why is controlling the Levantine coast beneficial to the Crusader States?
A
Able to command all trade which means…
1) they can supply themselves
2) gain source of revenue by controlling trade routes into the Muslim world
5
Q
Why was allying with the Principality of Armenia Cilicia so helpful to the Crusader States?
A
Heavily forested so provided Frankish states with wood for their ships and siege engines
6
Q
Why are there 4 separate Crusader States?
A
Testament to how divided the leaders were
7
Q
Who is in charge of each Crusade State?
A
1) Bohemond in the Principality of Antioch
2) Raymond in the County of Tripoli
3) Baldwin in the County of Edessa
4) Godfrey, then Baldwin, in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
8
Q
What did the Franks refer to the Crusader States as?
A
‘les outre-meres’
9
Q
When was the County of Tripoli founded?
A
1109
10
Q
When did Raymond of Toulouse die?
A
1105
11
Q
Who did Raymond pass on the project of establishing the County of Tripoli onto?
A
His nephews, William and Bertrand
12
Q
How does the handling of the County of Tripoli by Raymond’s newphews illustrate that the Crusader States are not simply an extension of Western lands?
A
allowed to fight until one emerges dominant which would never have been allowed to happen at home
13
Q
When did Raymond build his castle in Tripoli?
A
1003/1004
14
Q
Describe Raymond’s castle in Tripoli
A
1) on a huge scale (e.g. most walls are 19 feet thick)
2) section of the city is named after it (Quala-at Sanjiil)
15
Q
What did Raymond name the castle he built in Tripoli?
A
Mount Pilgrim (‘Mont Pelerin’)
16
Q
What does the Tartous Cathedral in Tripoli illustrate?
A
1) Franks were not comfortably in control of their lands
2) Narrowness of and high placement of windows shows that the structure was meant to be defensible
17
Q
When is the Tartous Cathedral built?
A
1120s
18
Q
When does Edessa fall?
A
1144
19
Q
When is the high point of the Crusader states?
A
1099-1144
20
Q
What title did Godfrey take with regards to Jerusalem?
A
Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
21
Q
Why did Godfrey refuse the title of king?
A
believed it was ‘impertinent’ to be a king in the city of the king of kings
22
Q
How does Baldwin differ from Godfrey in his treatment of the leadership of Jerusalem?
A
1) Takes the title of King
2) Makes highly political choice to be crowned in the Holy Sepulchre on Christ’s birthday
23
Q
When is Baldwin crowned King of Jerusalem?
A
25 December 1100
24
Q
What does Baldwin do as King of Jerusalem?
A
1) Brings a more assertive sense of kingship and starts to install Frankish modes of government in ‘outremer’
2) Starts to install the church and feudal systems present in France at this time
3) Sense of trying to replicate his homeland and keep connections with Francia live (writes home)
25
How does Fulcher's account convey Byzantine hostility post-First Crusade?
Byzantium blocks the route to Jerusalem taken by the First Crusaders
26
How does Fulcher convey Muslim weakness as the key to the success of the Crusader States?
‘There were not enough people to defend it from the Saracens if only the latter dared attack us’
27
How does Fulcher convey the weakness of the Arab threat to the Crusader States?
‘We were in need of nothing if only men and horses did not fail us.’
28
How does Fulcher's account convey the initial isolation of the Crusader States before the County of Tripoli was established?
‘The people of Antioch were not able to help us, or we them’
29
Who is the most important Muslim author on Christian expansion?
Al-Sulami
30
What does al-Sulami do in terms of Jihad?
1) Original meaning was a personal inner religious struggle to understand the mind of god
2) Turned it into an external duty to assert war such that your spirit can be free
31
Why does al-Sulami say the Christians win historically against the Muslims?
They attack us at times of 'difference and competition' (e.g. Sicily, Spain, Jerusalem)
32
What is unusual about the reasons given by authors for the success of the Crusader States?
The contemporary Christian and Muslim viewpoint are in agreement on the reason
33
What is al-Sulami's text?
Kitab al Jihad (Book of Jihad) (1105)
34
Why is al-Sulami ideally positioned to give a sense of the Frankish impact on the Arab world?
1) Lived and worked in Damascus which sees trade and exchange between Outremer and the Arab world
2) Writes at almost the exact times that these states are being constructed
3) Islamic lawyer so can take a comparative view of what has happened to the Arabs in the past
4) Not allied with any Arab ruler
35
What was al-Sulami practised in that aids his account?
Figh (Islamis study of law) which meant he had to be learned in comparative views
36
What is the word for those who do Jihad?
Mujahidin
37
How does al-Sulami convey that Muslim weakness was key to establishment of the Crusader States in the first place?
The Franks ‘were reluctant to engage in combat until they conquered more than their greatest hopes had conceived of the country’
38
From which point did the Crusaders' control the entire Levantine coast?
1105
39
What structure is key to securing control of Jerusalem?
Tower of David as it is the only major castle like structure in the whole of Jerusalem (walls 20 feet thick in parts)
40
Why is Temple Mount of importance to the Christians?
1) Christ was taught at Temple Mount
| 2) Upon his return to Jerusalem he enters through the adjacent gate
41
What are the brands of knighthood set up by the Franks?
1) Knights Templar
| 2) Knight Hospitallers
42
Why did the Franks set up the Knights?
1) Wanted to explicitly tie themselves to their homeland as only through their assistance could they survive
2) Knights express duty is to defend those coming to the Holy Land and look after them once they are there
43
Where do the Knights Templar draw their name from?
The Holy Mount
44
Where are the Knights Templar headquartered?
1) At the Al Aqsa Mosque
| 2) The King of Jerusalem also lived there until 1115/16 when Baldwin I moved to the Tower of David
45
Why were the Knights Templar mistrusted by the outside world?
Loyalty to themselves called into question who they were really fighting for
46
When were the Knights Templar established?
1118-19 (but officially get charter in 1129)
47
What happens at the Council of Troyes?
The Knights Templar are given a uniform of a habit of white with a red cross
48
When was the Council of Troyes?
1128
49
Who establishes the Knights Templar?
Hugh de Payens
50
What problems did the Knights Templar create with regards money?
They began to stop obeying what the Christian establishment dictated and impoverished the local churches in the East
51
Where do the Knights Hospitallers draw their name from?
The Holy Sepulchre
52
Where are the Knights Hospitallers stationed?
1) Krak des Chevaliers
2) Property must have cost billions to build
3) Built between 2 very large mountain ranges
4) There were ports on the other sides of the mountains so trade had to pass through the castle (tax revenue)
53
When was the Krak des Chevaliers in full use?
1125-85
54
Where are the Knights trained?
In France and Jerusalem
55
What must one do to become a Knight?
Take an oath of chastity so that wealth is concentrated in the organisation and not leached out to children
56
Why have the Orders of Knights said to have been the first bankers?
Accustomed to transmitting cash from the West to East (e.g. Knights Templar build toll bridge in London - Knightsbridge)
57
Why are people not opposed to giving money to the Orders of Knights?
Provides a way for people in the West to continue contributing to the Crusading effort without having to go to Holy Land and fight
58
How many appeals for Crusade were made to the West between 1097 and 1144?
4 (1101, 1106-8, 1120-24, 1127-29)
59
What does the small number of appeals for Crusade to the West between 1097 and 1144 demonstrate?
Frankish strength in this first phase of settlement and the relative weakness of their enemies
60
How many appeals for Crusade were made to the West between 1149 and 1186?
At least 15
61
Why did the 1101 Crusade happen?
1) Crusaders in the east sent letter to those who had taken the cross but failed to set out
2) Papal letters threatened excommunication to those who did not fulfil their vows
3) Inspired by successful capture of Jerusalem
4) Prospect of riches to be gained in the East
62
What did Godfrey of Bouillon boast of?
The vast fortune he had acquired in the East (almost certainly for propaganda purposes)
63
When did the Second Crusade set off?
1101
64
What was the Second Crusade composed off?
Two main armies...
1) Franco-Lombard (c.10,000)
2) Aquitanian-Bavarian
65
How did the Second Crusade help the newly created states to survive?
1) Provided a large cavalry for the Battle of Ramla in 1102
| 2) Provided significant infantry for the Battle of Jaffa in 1102
66
Why was it important for the Franks to capture ports on the Levantine coast?
1) Facilitate the arrival of crusaders
| 2) Generate money from trade and pilgrim traffic
67
What ports did Baldwin possess at the start of his reign in 1100?
Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Jaffa
68
Who was particularly involved in helping the Franks capture ports?
Italian mercantile states of Genoa, Pisa and Venice
69
Example of Italian mercantile states helping the Franks to capture ports
In May 1101 the Genoese helped Baldwin to capture Caesarea
70
When did the Second Crusade hinder Frankish expansion in the East?
Defeat at the Battle of Harran led to the loss of 60% of the territory at Antioch (but most of territory recovered within a decade)
71
When did the Third Crusade set off?
October 1107
72
Why did Bohemond want to target the Byzantine Empire?
Likely that Bohemond, a long-time adversary of the Byzantines, wanted to take the initiative and prevent a Byzantine infringement on Antioch
73
Who was the target of the Third Crusade?
Primarily the Byzantines - It was only after a campaign against the Greeks that the crusaders planned to go to the Holy Land
74
What did the Third Crusade demonstrate?
In just over a decade Pope Urban’s original concept of an expedition to free the Holy Sepulchre from the forces of Islam had been adapted to include warfare in the Iberian peninsula and here, against fellow-Christians
75
What did Bohemond do to incite the Third Crusade?
Returned to Europe in late 1105 to raise support for a new crusade
76
What signalled the defeat of the Third Crusade?
The Treaty of Devol (1108)
77
What did the Treaty of Devol dictate?
1) Bohemond became an imperial vassal
| 2) Had to accept the principle of the restoration of a Greek Orthodox patriarch to Antioch
78
Why was the Treaty of Devol not applied?
1) Bohemond's nephew, Tancred, rejected the terms of the treaty
2) Byzantium was distracted elsewhere so couldn't enforce terms of treaty
79
What does Phillips say about Muslim leadership?
The fusion of religious and secular interests that characterised the Franks was not present amongst the Muslims
80
Instances when the Damascene authorities ignored demands for action against Frankish encroachment
1) Sultan occupied with local political concerns when a delegation asked for help in 1100
2) A group from Aleppo managed to force the dispatch of an army but failed to influence the broader attitude of the leadership in 1111
81
What did the group from Aleppo do in a bid to get the Sultan of Damascus to act against Frankish expansion?
1) ‘They drove the preacher from the pulpit [at the Sultan’s Mosque] and broke it in pieces’
2) Symbolism of the destruction of the pulpit = the sultan and caliph had failed in their duty to defend Islamic lands and hence did not deserve to be honoured during Friday prayers
82
How did the jihad al-Sulami spoke off compare with Crusade?
1) Both stressed the virtues and celestial rewards associated with it
2) Jihad not entirely external phenomenon
83
What were the two different parts of Jihad?
1) The ‘Greater’ = an individual’s fight against immorality and sin
2) The ‘Lesser’ – perpetual obligation on all Muslims to strive to extend the House of Islam until all man-kind accepts the faith or submits to Muslim governance
84
What response did al-Sulami receive?
Practically none - preached to an audience of 3/4 scholars in a mosque on the edge of Damascus
85
What did Franks do with regards local emirs?
Imposed annual payments of tribute on them (e.g. Aleppo and Shaizar)
86
Examples of Frankish forces allying with Muslims against other Frankish forces
In 1105 Tancred of Antioch and Baldwin had Turkish allies in their struggle against each other
87
Examples of Frankish forces allying with Muslims against other Muslim forces
In 1114 Roger of Antioch fought alongside Tughtigin of Damascus and Il-Ghazi of Mardin against Baghdad
88
Why can Baldwin I's reign be viewed as a successful period for the Franks?
1) Sustained annual battles against the Egyptians and sometimes the Damascenes
2) Inland expansion took place
89
Example of inland expansion during Baldwin I's reign
1) Constructed the castle of Montreal in Transjordan in 1115 ‘to dominate the country in the interest of the Christians’ (Fulcher)
2) Control of the region east of the River Jordan provided a valuable source of revenue as traders between Damascus and Egypt had to pay taxes to cross it
90
When and where was Baldwin I buried?
In the Church of the Holy Sepulchre next to Godfrey in 1118
91
Why did the Battle of the Field of Blood take place?
Frankish expansion had led to a semi-circle of Christian settlements around Aleppo, some as close as 25 kilometres from the city
92
When did the Battle of the Field of Blood take place?
June 1119
93
What were the Muslim forces at the Battle of the Field of Blood?
1) Il-Ghazi of Mardin led a contingent
| 2) Joined by the forces of Tughtigin
94
What happened at the Battle of the Field of Blood
1) Prince Roger of Antioch's army was defeated
2) Prince was killed
3) All the members of his army were either killed or captured
95
What were the Frankish forces at the Battle of the Field of Blood?
Prince Roger of Antioch's force which consisted of 700 knights and 3,000 foot soldiers)
96
What happened after the Battle of the Field of Blood?
Muslim forces proceeded to take back a number of Muslim-Christian towns on the frontier
97
What was the most important impact off the Field of Blood on the Franks?
The death of so many of the Aniochene nobility (rather than the loss of territory)
98
How did Baldwin respond to the Battle of the Field of Blood?
1) Provided defence for Antioch
| 2) Remarried widows to his own men
99
What was the impact of the Battle of Blood on the Muslims?
1) Battle marked the first time that jihad imagery began to be used with any frequency
2) Those who died in the battle were martyred and idolised
3) Seeds were sown for the later propaganda campaigns under Nur ad-Din and Saladin
100
Evidence of Jihad references starting to appear after the Battle of the Field of Blood
1) Contained in inscriptions on buildings and tombs
| 2) Tughtigan was described in 1122 as the ‘protector of those who fight the holy war’
101
Evidence of those who died in the Battle of the Field of Blood being martyred
Inscription of tomb of Balek of Aleppo: ‘Think not of those who are slain in the way of Allah as dead. Nay, they are living, with their Lord they have provision’
102
When was the Council of Nabulus?
January 1120
103
Who attended the Council of Nabulus?
The leading secular and religious figures
104
What happened at the Council of Nabulus?
A series of laws (25 decrees) were enacted - legislation was harsh in general to serve as a deterrant
105
How does the Council of Nabulus demonstrate that there was a fear that sexual relations with Muslims would bring divine disapproval?
Whilst Franks were permitted to marry local Christians and even Christian converts from Islam, marrying a practicing Muslim was not permitted
106
What did Canon 20 at the Council of Nabulus allow?
1) Allowed clerics to bear arms and fight
2) Likely inspired by the recent battle at Antioch in which, in which the clergy were forced to guard the city walls
3) Key staging post on the way to the foundation of the Knights’ Templar
107
What triggered the Fourth Crusade?
1) An appeal to Pope Calixtus II may have been made at Nablus
2) Seems that Pope dispatched letters to France and Germany
108
When did the Fourth Crusade take place?
1120-24
109
When was the siege of Tyre?
1124
110
Why did the Franks want control of Tyre?
It was one of the 2 remaining Muslim-held ports on the Levantine cost (Ascalaon being the other)
111
What happened during the siege of Tyre?
1) Venice and the Kingdom of Jerusalem negotiated a joint naval and land campaign
2) After 5 months of siege the city surrendered on 7 July 1124
112
On whom was the Principality of Antioch reliant?
1) Kingdom of Jerusalem
| 2) Byzantium
113
On whom was the County of Edessa reliant?
1) Principality of Antioch
| 2) Local armenians
114
On whom was the County of Tripoli reliant?
1) Initially influenced by Jerusalem
| 2) Influenced by Antioch from the 1180s
115
On whom was the Kingdom of Jerusalem reliant?
1) Grudging acceptance of papal legate in 1100
2) Recognition of Byzantine overlord-ship in the 1150s and 1170s
3) In the 1180s proposed idea of asking the rulers of Western Europe to choose a ruler after their line became exhausted
116
Why did the Muslims have the upper hand?
1) Franks were always one major defeat away from a potentially fatal crisis
2) Muslims could always regroup
117
What division did Jerusalem profit from initially?
Seljuk and Fatimid rivalry for the first decade and a half after 1099
118
Between which Muslim powers were relations febrile?
Aleppo, Damascus, Mosul and Baghdad
119
In what period did the Franks capture all ports on the Levantine coast except for Ascalon?
1099-1124
120
What was each successful capture of ports on the Levantine coast contingent on ?
Assistance from western fleets
121
Examples of successful capture of ports with assistance from western fleets
1) Venetians aided siege of Haifa in 1100
| 2) Genoese for Acre 1104
122
Examples of unsuccessful capture of ports without assistance from western fleets
1) No fleet at Tyre in 1111
| 2) Fleet failed to impose a complete blockade at Sidon in 1108
123
What role did Italian maritime cities serve?
Military allies as well as commercial entrepreneurs
124
Examples of rewards Italian city states were given in exchange for military assistance
1) Trading immunities and privileges were granted to the Genoese at Antioch and Jerusalem
2) The Venetians were rewarded with a third of the city of Tyre due to their assistance in its capture in 1124
125
What showcases the importance of cosmopolitan commerce?
1) Baldwin III’s granted safe conduct to a Muslim merchant from Tyre
2) The Franks gave free access to their ports from the Turkish-held interior, even during times of war
