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History: Special Subject A-Level > The First Crusade: preaching of, and responses to the call > Flashcards

The First Crusade: preaching of, and responses to the call Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Mappa Mundi (c.1300) reveal?

A

The centrality with which Jerusalem was viewed as Jerusalem is placed at the very centre of the world
and the edges are portrayed as where God makes mistakes

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2
Q

How do the Arabs conquer Jerusalem through architecture?

A

The Dome of the Rock is built…

1) in the middle of the Jewish holy site
2) in direct view of the Holy Sepulchre

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3
Q

What does the inscription on the inside of the Dome of the Rock say in a direct criticism of Christianity?

A

Do you really think God would have a son since he would not split his power up’

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4
Q

What is the significance of the Holy Sepulchre to Christians?

A

1) Site of the crucifixion (Rock of Calvary within structure)
2) Site of burial and resurrection (contains Christ’s tomb)

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5
Q

What is surprising about the the Holy Sepulchre?

A

It is a relatively poor structure (e.g. Dome made out of tin) and architecturally underwhelming

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6
Q

When did the Fatimid Shi-ites conquer Jerusalem?

A

969

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7
Q

When did al-Hakim come to power?

A

1000

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8
Q

What did al-Hakim do?

A

1) Made the Jews wear cow-like halters and ring bells to alert Muslims about their approach
2) Ordered the total demolition of the Holy Sepulchre, destroying Christ’s tomb

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9
Q

Why did al-Hakim destroy the Holy Sepulchre?

A

In response to the thousands of pilgrims who gathered there annually to witness the descent of the Holy Fire

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10
Q

When did al-Hakim destroy the Holy Sepulchre?

A

c.1010

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11
Q

How soon after the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre were Christians in the West aware?

A

c.6 months

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12
Q

What could one say about al-Hakim?

A

That he is the most important figure in changing the way in which Christians in Jerusalem are being treated and hence Crusade is a response to him

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13
Q

When was the battle of Manzikert?

A

1071

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14
Q

Evidence for Turkish threat to Christian territories

A

1) Turks sweep westwards after winning Battle of Manzikert

2) in 1080s sweep through Jerusalem

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15
Q

Why can Urban be seen to be manipulating events in the East?

A

The events Urban refers to at Clermont (1095) happen decades before suggesting he is creating a narrative that suits him by exaggerating true events

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16
Q

Why is the East surprised by the Crusades?

A

Doesn’t see the direct causal link in events as Christian grievance is unmoored from the immediate truth

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17
Q

What is the only place where the West has a close interaction with the Islamic world?

A

Spain

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18
Q

Evidence for close interaction between Christians and Muslims in Spain?

A

Town of Toledo transfers hands at least 15 times

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19
Q

What is the ‘Reconquista’?

A

Slow northern pressure that starts to be applies to the Islamic South (c.750-1492)

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20
Q

Where has the idea of legitimised conflict been an ongoing idea prior to the First Crusade?

A

Spain

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21
Q

When does the Northern pressure in Spain become stronger?

A

As the Islamic South becomes less coherent, leading to a greater sense of mission and agenda in North

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22
Q

When do the Taifa states in southern Spain begin to be formed?

A

After the final collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031

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23
Q

Evidence of the Church taking an active role in the Northern Spanish conflict against the South

A

1) Letter from Urban II to the notables of north-eastern Spain in 1089
2) Commands the Christians in return for ‘remission of sins’ to restore the Church in Tarragona

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24
Q

How can Urban be seen to use Spain as a base for the idea of Crusade?

A

Arguably the Crusades are a translation of this local idea into an international mission for liberating the Holy Land

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25
Q

Evidence for the degeneration of Byzantium during the 11th century

A

1) Lands beyond the Justinianic expansions were lost

2) The loss of Egypt (the granary of the empire) made Byzantium a profoundly weaker state

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26
Q

What does Peter Francopan argue prompted the First Crusade?

A

The ‘Call of the East’ (Crusade was launched in order to help the Byzantines)

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27
Q

What were Alexios I’s dates?

A

1081-1118

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28
Q

When was the council of Piacenza?

A

March 1095 (6 months before speech at Clermont)

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29
Q

Who recounts the Council of Piacenza?

A

Bernold of Constance

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30
Q

What happened at the Council of Piacenza?

A

Representatives of Alexios asked those in attendance to help him defend against the Turks

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31
Q

Where did all routes to the Holy Land converge?

A

Constantinople (reflects common understanding that the first staging post would be Constantinople)

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32
Q

Pope Gregory VII’s dates

A

1073-1083

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33
Q

What did Pope Gregory VII do?

A

Led a reform movement in the church which instilled the idea that secular rulers were beholden to the Church as God ordains rule on earth

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34
Q

What did the reforms of Gregory VII create?

A

A more emboldened pope who possessed a greater capacity to lead princes and kings to do as he pleases

35
Q

How did Gregory VII make the institution of the Church richer and stronger?

A

Bans marriage of priests leading to a concentration of wealth

36
Q

Evidence for Gregory VII laying idea of Crusade

A

1) Letter to Count William of Burgundy on 1 March 1074
2) Letter to all those willing to defend the Christian faith on 1 March 1074
3) Letter to King Henry IV on 7 December 1074

37
Q

Urban’s background

A

1) One of Gregory’s pupils
2) Made Cardinal in 1078 by Gregory
3) Product of the Cluny Churches

38
Q

What does Urban’s installation as Pope mark a joining of?

A

massive connection and wealth (from Cluny Churches) with a church newly empowered of its rights

39
Q

What is the idea of Crusade composed of?

A

Composite idea…

1) Utilising new capacity given by Gregorian reforms
2) Inspired by call of Alexius
3) Building on Reconquista in Spain

40
Q

How many people went on the First Crusade?

A

c.60-100,000

41
Q

What made the idea of Crusade so attractive to those who heard it?

A

1) Contemporary religious zeal
2) The popularity of pilgrimage
3) Concern for the afterlife
4) The problem of knightly violence

42
Q

How has Anna Komnene influenced the perception of Crusaders’ motivations?

A

1) Swayed many to believe that the nobles were motivated by material gain and the poor by religious fervour
2) ‘The simpler folk [were]…led on by a desire to worship at Our Lord’s tomb…but the more villainous characters…had an ulterior purpose…To seize the capital [Constantinople] itself.

43
Q

What does John France see as the primary motivation for the First Crusade?

A

Patronage (‘the attitude of a head of mouvance must have been critical’)

44
Q

Evidence to support John France’s thesis?

A

No participants in the First Crusade came from amongst the mouvance of William, abbot of Saint Florent de Saumer

45
Q

Evidence to suggest that secular gain motivated leaders of the First Crusade

A

Many the princely leaders came from backgrounds where there were few opportunities for self-enrichment (e.g. Bohemond was a bastard so stood to inherit nothing from his father, the Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily)

46
Q

Does opportunism reflect secular ambition from the start?

A

1) Changing idea of Crusade as it went on
2) Even Peter the Hermit attempted to flee when faced with the difficulties at Antioch (c.20th January 1098)
3) He was later willing to endure fatal burns to prove his honesty regarding the retrieving of the ‘Holy Lance’)

47
Q

Evidence against secular motivation

A

1) Many leaders had great wealth at home (e.g. Raymond)

2) Financing campaign cost over four years’ annual income for most knights

48
Q

Evidence that pursuit of money did not come into direct conflict with religious aims

A

1) Money was not just needed for personal advancement but to fund the Crusade
2) Gesta: ‘Today, please God, you will all gain much booty’

49
Q

Evidence for regional divisions

A

1) Language barrier as even those for Northern and Southern France could not understand one another
2) During the siege of Antioch groups formed along linguistic lines to forage for supplies
3) Crusaders assaulted or freed those who they captured according to the language they spoke

50
Q

Ultimate conclusion on Crusading motives

A

Phillips: ‘historians should resist the temptation to ascribe a single motive to the campaign and to treat its participants as a single group with a consistent pattern of behaviour’

51
Q

Urban II’s dates

A

1088-1099

52
Q

When did Urban give his speech at Clermont?

A

November 1095

53
Q

How does Urban’s selection of Clermont as location from which to make speech reveal a clear intention to spread the message?

A

1) In the middle of the richest and most powerful military state that the West had to offer at the time
2) The most accessible place in the south of France as stood at the intersection of all Roman roads

54
Q

Evidence for Urban’s agenda to spread the message

A

1) Travelled to other parts of Southern and Central France, timing visits to coincide with local saints’ days and other festivals in order to ensure large turn out
2) Up till 1096 sends countless letters to people who were not present at the speech (14 surviving so must have been on huge scale)

55
Q

What 4 key ideas did Urban focus on at Clermont to persuade Franks to join the Crusade?

A

1) Remission of sin
2) Saving of Christians in the Holy Land
3) Reclaiming Holy sites
4) Taking fighting skills used in internal wars into areas that matter

56
Q

What idea does Urban set out at Clermont?

A

‘Remission of sin’

57
Q

What is the most widely used account of the Clermont Speech?

A

Fulcher of Chartres

58
Q

What does Guibert of Nogent say about Peter the Hermit?

A

Suggests he was a strong leader (‘I do not remember anyone to have been held in like honour’)

59
Q

How does Guibert of Nogent’s account of the ‘People’s Crusade’ relay its spontaneity?

A

1) Contrast with the princes who were ‘making preparations carefully and slowly’
2) Idea of crusade had not even been fully formed as hordes of people set out (‘while we were as yet still considering the project’)

60
Q

Evidence of Guibert of Nogent’s disdain for Peter the Hermit

A

1) ‘hermit in the garb of a monk’

2) ‘pretext of preaching’

61
Q

How does Hugh of Flaviny (1026) demonstrate that the Holy Land was accessible to Christians prior to the First Crusade?

A

Recounts how the Abbot of Verdun led 700 men on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem

62
Q

How does Hugh Flavigny (1026) demonstrate the difficulties faced by Christians who wanted to visit the Holy Land?

A

Recounts that whilst the Abbot of Verdun was in the church ‘sword-girt pagans rushed through’ (wealth of church and pilgrims attracts Muslim attacks)

63
Q

Who is Nasir-i-Khusrau?

A

One of the first Persian travel writers

64
Q

How does Nasir-i-Khusrau (1047) demonstrate that the Holy Land was accessible to Christians prior to the First Crusade?

A

1) ‘great multitudes of people from Rum’ came annually to the Holy Sepulchre’
2) ‘there were always numerous pilgrims’ at Bethlehem
3) Refers to Bethlehem as a ‘place belonging to the Christians’

65
Q

Which accounts give an insight into pilgrimage to the Holy Land prior to the First Crusade?

A

1) Hugh of Flavigny (1026)
2) Nasir-i-Khusarau (1047)
3) Annales Altahenses Maiores (1064-5)

66
Q

What does the Annales Altahenses Maiores recount?

A

The experience of a mass pilgrimage from the west in 1064-5

67
Q

How does the Annales Altahenses Maiores demonstrate that the Holy Land was accessible to Christians prior to the First Crusade?

A

1) Recounts journey of over 12,000 people to Jerusalem

2) States that when the mass pilgrimage was at Latakia they met ‘each day many people returning from Jerusalem’

68
Q

How does the Annales Altahenses Maiores demonstrate the benefits that the Muslims gained from Christian pilgrimage prior to the First Crusade?

A

1) The King of Babylon came to liberate the mass pilgrimage from the Arabs in 1065
2) The King feared that if they were to perish then this would deter others from making the pilgrimage
3) If that were to happen ‘he and his people would suffer seriously’

69
Q

How does the Annales Altahenses Maiores demonstrate the difficulties faced by Christians who wanted to visit the Holy Land?

A

1) Those returning from Jerusalem ‘told of the deaths of an uncounted number of their companions’ as the journey to Jerusalem was populated by a ‘most ferocious tribe of Arabs’
2) The mass pilgrimage was forced to fight one group of Arabs for 3 whole days

70
Q

Instance of a different Pope providing a ‘remission of sin’

A

Geoffrey of Malaterra recounts how in 1063 Pope Alexander provided Roger I’s soldiers, who had liberated Sicily, with ‘absolution from their sins’

71
Q

Evidence of fraught relations between Western Christendom and Byzantium

A

1) Letter from cardinal Humbert to all the faithful in 1054
2) Condemns the patriarch of Constantinople for discrimination against Latin Christians, e.g. refusing to admit papal ambassadors and forbidding the celebration of mass in Latin churches as use unleavened bread
3) Hence, ‘our most reverend pope has excommunicated Michael and all his successors’

72
Q

What does the letter from Gregory VII to Count William of Burgundy on 1 March 1074 say?

A

1) Asked William to promise to be prepared to defend ‘St Peter’s possessions’
2) Established precedent of rewarding military services (‘double - rather, a multiple - reward’)

73
Q

What does the letter from Gregory VII to all those willing to defend the Christian faith on 1 March 1074 say?

A

Urges the Franks to take arms to defend their fellow Christians in Byzantium as the ‘pagans’ have conquered almost all land up to the walls of Constantinople (‘We beseech you…that your strength be brought, in Christ’s name…to the aid of your brethren’)

74
Q

What does the letter from Gregory VII to King Henry IV on 7 December 1074 say?

A

1) Talks of the poor treatment of Christians in the East (‘daily butchered’)
2) Admits to attempting to piece together a force to liberate Byzantium (‘I have take steps to rouse and stir up certain Christians’)
3) Alludes to great scale of response he has received (‘Already more than 50,000 men have prepared themselves’)

75
Q

Which sources demonstrate the Urban’s waning control over the First Crusade?

A

1) Letter from Urban II to all the faithful in Flanders, December 1095
2) Letter from Urban II to his partisans in Bologna, September 1096
3) Letter from Urban II to the Spanish counts and their knights, c.early 1097 (but could be any point between January 1096-July 1099)

76
Q

What does the letter from Urban II to all the faithful in Flanders written in December 1095 show?

A

Urban’s desire to tightly control the Crusade and his failure to do so…

1) Explicitly appoints Adhemar as ‘leader’ (BUT during the crusade Adhemar was not universally regarded as such)
2) Sets the date for the Crusade to depart as 15 August (BUT both the noble and people’s crusade depart before this)

77
Q

What does Urban II say in a letter to all the faithful in Flanders in December 1095 that is surprising?

A

Gives Adhemar the power to ‘loose and bind’ (the biblical power given by Christ to St Peter) which a Pope has never done before

78
Q

What does the letter from Urban II to his partisans in Bologna written in September 1096 show?

A

Urban’s displeasure at the people’s crusade as he attempts to implement restrictions on who can partake in the Crusade

1) Clerics and monks cannot go without permission from their bishops and abbots
2) Young married men must get the permission from their wives
3) Parishioners should make the clergy aware if they plan to depart

79
Q

Which sources concede a desire for secular gain as being a motivating factor for certain crusaders?

A

1) Canon of the council of Clermont (remission of sin not applicable to those who go ‘to gain honour or money’)
2) Letter from Urban II to his partisans in Bologna in September 1096 ( remission of sin not applicable to those who go because they ‘desire earthly profit’)

80
Q

What does the letter from Urban II to the Spanish counts and their knights written in c.early 1097 show?

A

Urban II is a political actor, manipulating the idea of Crusade in order to suit his ends

1) Urges nobles in Spain not to set out on Crusade as there is a Muslim threat closer to home
2) Promises remission of sin for those who die whilst fighting the Muslims at home
3) Urban evidently doesn’t want too many knights to go as exposes Gaul to huge risks

81
Q

Which sources posit possible motivations for those who set out on Crusade?

A

1) Guibert of Nogent

2) Ekkehard of Aura

82
Q

What does Guibert of Nogent say about the motivations of Crusaders?

A

Emphasises religious motivation…

1) ‘Foremost in the minds of all was only the ambition for a holy death’
2) Sold what little wealth they had very cheaply ‘sudden and unexpected drop in all values’ as market became flooded)

83
Q

What does Ekkehard of Aura say about the motivations of Crusaders?

A

Leaving their lands was no great sacrifice as Gaul had been afflicted for many years by civil war, famine and plague

History: Special Subject A-Level (7 decks)

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