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Physiology 4600 > The last hoorah Test 1 > Flashcards

The last hoorah Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Epithelial cells packed closely together joined together by ______

A

JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES

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1
Q

multinucleate mass from union of separate cells

A

SYNCYTIUM

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2
Q

Epithelial membrane attached to underlying connective tissue by _____

A

Basement Membrane

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3
Q

Protein fibers in connective tissue

A

collagen

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4
Q

Cartilage consists of cells called _____

A

Chondrocytes

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5
Q

layers of calcified material around blood vessels

A

Lamellae

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6
Q

bone forming cells _________, are trapped in _______

A

osteoblasts, Lacunae

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7
Q

the structure of bone of blood vessels, central canals, and lamellae

A

haversian system / osteons

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8
Q

sufficient amounts of ketone bodies in blood to decrease PH, can lead to coma and death

A

ketoacidosis

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9
Q

phosphate group attached to N in phospholipid

A

Lecithin / phosphatidycholine

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10
Q

fatty acid, cyclic hydrocarbon group, controls vessel diameter, ovulation, blood clotting

A

Prostiglandins

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11
Q

steroid secreted by adrenal cortex as antiinflamatory

A

cortisol / hydrocortisone

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12
Q

change in tertiary structure of protein

A

denaturation

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13
Q

a lipoprotein, transports O2 in red blood cells

A

hemoglobin

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14
Q

The base found in RNA instead of thymine

A

uracil

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15
Q

proteins that pop out of both sides of membrane ____ vs only one side _______

A

peripheral, integral proteins

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16
Q

serve as antigen that determines blood type

A

glycolipids

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17
Q

2 types of cells that can perform amoeboid movement

A

white blood cells - neutrophils

connective tissue cells - macrophages

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18
Q

phagocytes recognize “eat me” signals ______ of dying cells

A

phosphatidylserine

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19
Q

centriole that points along axis of cilium

A

Basal Body

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20
Q

Microtubules that pulls duplicated chromosomes apart

A

Spindle Apparatus

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21
Q

Proteins that move cargo along cytoskeletal tracks

A

myosin, kinesins, dyneins

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22
Q

stored chemicals in cytoplasm of cells

A

inclusions

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23
Q

examples of inclusions include

A

glycogen granules in the liver
triglicerides in adipose cell
melanin granules in skin

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24
Q

Germ layers from outside to inside

A

Ectoderm - Mesoderm - Endoderm

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25
Q

Digestion of vacuole by enzymes in lysosome

A

autophagy

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26
Q

Membrane enclosed organells containing several specific enzymes that promote oxidative reactions

A

Peroxisomes (particularly occur in liver)

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27
Q

enzymes that promote the removal of H (thus oxidizing the molecule)

A

oxidasis

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28
Q

enzyme within peroxisomes that prevents excessive accumulation of H2O2 by converting it to water

A

Catalase

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29
Q

Site for the storage of Ca 2+ in striated muscle cells

A

agranular endoplasmic reticulum

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30
Q

membranous vesicle formed by the process of endocytosis is a(n) _______

A

endosome

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31
Q

the opposite of exocytosis, proteins that were released are recycled. this reverse pathway is called _______

A

Retrograde transport

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32
Q

the term to refer to all of the proteins produced by the genome

A

proteome

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33
Q

Changes made to the proteins after formation is called

A

post-translational modifications

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34
Q

the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

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35
Q

transcription (RNA synthesis) requires the enzyme _______, which engages with a promoter region to transcribe an individual gene

A

RNA polymerase

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36
Q

regions of noncoding DNA

A

introns

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37
Q

regions of coding DNA

A

exons

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38
Q

the mRNA passes through a number of ribosomes to form a structure called ________

A

polyribosome / polysome

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39
Q

enzyme in cell cytoplasm that joins specific amino acids to the ends of tRNA

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes

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40
Q

Enzyme that joins the nucleotide together to form a second polynucleotide chain in each DNA that is complementary to the first DNA strand

A

DNA polymerases

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41
Q

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis both result in the activation of a group previously inactive cytoplasmic enzymes known as ________, activating processes that lead to fragmentation of the DNA and death of cell

A

caspases (they are the executioners of cells)

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42
Q

the gene needed for the apoptsosis of cells with DNA that is damaged

A

p53 gene

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43
Q

______ function as enzymes in reactions involving remodeling of the RNA molecules themselves and in the formation of a growing polypeptide in ribosomes

A

ribozymes

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44
Q

This drives osmosis. also is the reason for the collusion between the enzyme and the substrate. the random molecular motion of water

A

Brownian motion

45
Q

the model of enzyme activity in which the enzyme undergoes a slight structural change to better fit the substrate

A

induced-fit model

46
Q

substrates + enzymes

A

enzyme- substrate complex

47
Q

enzyme with PH of 2, then 7, then 14 and where are they

A

pepsin
salivary amylase
trypsin

48
Q

enzyme that promotes hydrolysis reactions

A

hydrolases

49
Q

catalyze the removal of phosphate groups

A

phosphatases

50
Q

catalyze the dehydration synthesis reactions

A

synthases and synthetases

51
Q

remove hydrogen atoms from their substrates

A

dehydrogenases

52
Q

add a phosphate group (phophorylate) to a particular molecule

A

Kinases

53
Q

enzymes that take a molecule and forms a structural isomer such and glucose and fructose

A

isomerases

54
Q

enzymes that perform the same function (the shape of the active site is unchanged) but with a different structure

A

isoenzymes

55
Q

cofactors

A

metal ions and seleniu, causes conformational change in the protein

56
Q

digestive enzymes are produced as inactive ____ in the pancreas which are activated after they are secreted into the intestine

A

zymogens

57
Q

catalyzes the addition of phosphate group

A

protein kinase

58
Q

activation / deactivation of enzyme is achieved by ____

A

phosphorylation / dephosphorylation

59
Q

the breakdown and resynthesis of enzymes

A

TURNOVER of enzyme proteins

60
Q

enzyme that catalyzes carbonic acid to bicarbonate and vice versa

A

carbonic anhydrase

61
Q

principle that reversible reactions will be driven to the side with a lower concentration

A

law of mass action

62
Q

sequence of enzymatic reactions with an INITIAL SUBSTRATE, progresses through INTERMEDIATES, and ends with a FINAL PRODUCT

A

Metabolic Pathway

63
Q

a form of negative feedback where enzymes at the branch points of metabolic pathways are often regulated by this process

A

end- product inhibition

64
Q

football up the rectum ( the end product is the football in the rectum of the enzyme)

A

Reversible enzymatic allosteric inhibition

65
Q

an inherited defect in the genes that codes for enzymes in a metabolic pathway may result in a disease known as a(n) _____

A

inborn error of metabolism

66
Q

refers to the flow of energy in living systems

A

Bioenergetics

67
Q

NAD- what is it and what is it derived from?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide from niacin

its a hydrogen carrier. attaches to 2 e- and one H+

68
Q

FAD- what is it and where is it derived from?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide from riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Hydrogen carrier
2 e- and 2 H+

69
Q

heart attack

A

myocardial infarction

70
Q

other names for Krebbs cycle and all end products

A 
Citric acid cycle and TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)
4 CO2
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
71
Q

a group of iron containing pigments in electron transport chain and what is the last one?

A

cytochromes, cytochrom a3

72
Q

production of ATP through coupling of the electron transport system with phosphorylation of ADP is termed

A

oxidative phosphorylation

73
Q

According to ____ the e- transport system, powered by the transport of e-, pumps H+ from ______ to ________

A

Chemiosmotic theory, from mitochondrial matrix to space between inner and outer mitochondrial space

74
Q

the inner mitochondrial membrane does not permit diffusion of H+ except through structures called ____

A

respiratory assemblies

75
Q

the method to form ATP that occurs in glycolysis is called

A

direct method / substrate - level / phosphorylation

76
Q

the formation of glucose

A

glycogenesis- glucose is converted into glucose 6-phosphate by using the terminal P in ATP, which is then converted to glucose 1-phosphate. finally the enzyme glycogen synthase removes the phosphate group to form glycogen

77
Q

unlike skeletal muscles, the liver contains an enzyme known as ____ that can remove the phosphate groups and produce free glucose

A

glucose 6- phosphatase

78
Q

The conversion of noncarbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose is called

A

gluconeogenesis

79
Q

the two way traffic between skeletal muscles and the liver is

A

the Cory cycle- gluconeogenisis in the liver allows depleted skeletal muscle glycogen to be restored within 48 hours

80
Q

major form of energy storage in the body

A

white adipose tissue or white fat

81
Q

the breakdown of adipose tissue to use energy is called ____, and ___ enzymes are used

A

lipolysis, lipase

82
Q

the process where enzymes remove two carbon acetic acid molecules from the acid end of a fatty acid chain during lipolysis

A

beta oxidation

83
Q

what does brown adipose tissue specialize in?

A

Thermogenesis

84
Q

Nitrogen ingested is less than nitrogen excretion

A

negative nitrogen balance

85
Q

Nitrogen excreted is less than ingested

A

positive nitrogen balance

86
Q

pyrivic acid and citric acid cycle acids are collectively termed ____

A

keto acids - they have a ketone group

87
Q

Keto acids that are converted to amino acids by the addition of ____ cannabalized from another amino acid. this type of reaction is called

A

amine (NH2), transamination

88
Q

enzyme required o catalyze transamination _____ requires _____ as a coenzyme

A

transaminase , vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

89
Q

reaction where Glutamic acid donates it’s amine group to oxaloacetic acid. this is catalyzed by ______

A

Aspartate transaminase (AST)

90
Q

the reaction where glutamic acid donates its amine group to pyruvic acid is catalyzed by _____

A

Alanine transaminase (ALT)

91
Q

The metabolic pathway that removes amine groups from amino acids - leaving a keto acid and ammonia (which is converted to urea) - is known as _____

A

oxidative deamination

92
Q

In early stages of fasting, most glucose secreted by the liver is derived from ______. and what does that mean?

A

gluconeogenisis. the formation of glucose from amino acids or other noncarbohydrate molecules

93
Q

the metabolic pathway that removes amine groups from amino acids - leaving a keto acid and ammonia (which is converted to urea) is known as

A

Oxidative deamination

94
Q

excessive water in the interstitial compartments

A

edema

95
Q

class of glycoproteins that extend from the cytoskeleton within a cell, through its plasma membrane, and into the extracellular matrix

A

Integrins

96
Q

name all the ways a molecule can enter a cell

A

1) Carrier- mediated transport
a) Facilitated diffusion
b) Active transport
2) non carrier mediated transport
a) simple diffusion

97
Q

water is entered through water channels called _______

A

aquaporins

98
Q

plasma has an osmolality of ______

A

300 mOsm

99
Q

name two solutions that has the same osmolality has blood

A

5% dextrose solution

.85% NaCl solution

100
Q

red blood cells are also called _______

A

Erythrocytes

101
Q

rupture of the plasma membrane

A

hemolysis

102
Q

homeostasis of drinking water

A

dehydrated – blood becomes more concentrated and total volume is reduced – increased plasma osmolality and osmotic pressure stimulate osmoreceptors – person becomes thirsty

103
Q

what drug acts on the kidneys to promote water retension?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin

104
Q

greater sal intake leads to ____

A

hypertension (high blood pressure). increased salt intake leads to an increase of water intake to maintain osmolality of blood but at a higher volume.

105
Q

when the rate of trasported molecules can no longer increase due to a saturation of concentrations

A

transport maximum

106
Q

glucose is transported from the blood across plasma membranes. this occurs by ___

A

Facilitated diffusion

107
Q

the transport carriers for the facilitative diffusion of glucose ______

A

GLUT

108
Q

The Ca 2+ pump is activated by ______

A

phosphorylation

109
Q

sodium potassium pump. where do the molecules go and to what ration?

A

3 Na + OUT of the cell for every 2 K + INTO the cell

110
Q

in a pump, when Na+ goes DOWN the concentration gradient, it can help other molecules go AGAINST its concentration gradient into the cell. this coupled transport is called _____ or ____. if the ion goes in the opposite direction, outside the cell, the process is called ____ or ____

A

cotransport or symport

countertransport or antiport

Physiology 4600 (4 decks)

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