Ch 3 Cell Structure and Genetic Control Part #1

Question 0

Nucleoli

Answer 0

centers for the production of ribosomes, which are the sites of protein sythesis

Question 1

3 parts of a cell

Answer 1

Plasma (cell) membrane
Cytoplasm and organelles
Nucleus

Question 2

Peripheral Proteins

Answer 2

embedded in one face of the membrane of a cell

Question 3

Integral proteins

Answer 3

span through both sides of the membrane of a cell

Question 4

fluid mosaic model

Answer 4

the idea that membranes act as a sea of motion that are not uniformly distributed with proteins

Question 5

Markers (antigens)

Answer 5

proteins that identify the tissue type of an individual

Question 6

Glycolipids

Answer 6

some on the plasma membrane of red blood cells that serve as antigens to determine blood type

Question 7

Cells with the highest content of cholesterol are…?

Answer 7

Schwann cells- form insulating layers by wrapping around nerve fibers.

Question 9

what cells discussed are able to perform amoeboid movement?

Answer 9

white blood cells called neutrophils and connective tissue cells called macrophages

Question 10

false feet

Answer 10

pseudopods

Question 17

phagocytosis and endocytosis

Answer 17

bulk transport of plasma membrane.

Question 18

Phagocytosis

Answer 18

celular eating. the ingestion of an organelle (food vacuole) with the use of pseudopods.
- an important immune process that defends the body and promotes inflammation (largely by neutrophils and macrophages)

Question 19

Apoptosis

Answer 19

Phagocytosis by macrophages. phagocytes recognize eat me” signals (phosphaidylserine) on the plasma membrane surface of dying cells

Question 20

Endocytosis

Answer 20

plasma membrane furrows inward instead of outward like in phagocytosis. this is how pancreatic cells release insulin

Question 21

Pinocytosis

Answer 21

a form of Endocytosis. Cell drinking. takes in a small vesicle containing the extracellular fluid and anything in the fluid into the cell

Question 22

Receptor- mediated endocytosis

Answer 22

receptor protein bind to specific extracellular molecule that induces endocytosis, causing the cell to take it in. i.e cholesterol taken up into artery cells this way.
- Hepatitis, polio, and AIDS viruses exploit this process to invade cells

Question 23

Exocytosis

Answer 23

vesicles packaged within the golgi complex fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular environment
-nerve endings for example

Question 24

Primary Cilium

Answer 24

• review article NOUVEAUX ANTENNAS, primary cilia is important
• almost all cell in the body has one. lacks central pair of microtubules (9+0) thus nonmotile.
• modified to form part of the photoreceptors in the retina of the eys and detect fluid movement within the tubules of the kidneys

Question 25

Centrioles

Answer 25

• composed of microtubules oriented at right angles to each other, the pair is called a CENTROSOME
• BASAL BODY is the centriole that points along the axis of the cilium
• Centrosomes are involved in pulling duplicated chromosomes apart in cell duplication

Question 26

Microvilli

Answer 26

• appear in areas in the body that are specialized for rapid diffusion
• Increases surface area of the membrane
• i.e the intestine and kidney

Question 27

Cytoskeleton

Answer 27

• creates railway system to move organelles around inside the cell.
• made up of microtubules
• spindle apparatus in duplicated chromosome separation

Question 28

The proteins responsible for the movement of organelles along cytoskeleton

Answer 28

Myosin, Kinesin (vesicles moved in an axon toward terminal), and dynein

Question 29

Inclusions

Answer 29

• stored chemicals in aggregates in the cytoplasm

- i.e glycogen granules in the liver, striated muscles, triglycerides in adipose cells

Question 30

Primary vs Secondary Lysosome

Answer 30

Primary- contains only digestive enzymes that is more acidic than cytoplasm
Secondary- primary fused with a food vacuole

Question 31

Autophagy

Answer 31

the digestion of structures and molecules within a vacuole by enzymes within a lysosome

Question 32

Autophagosome

Answer 32

a membrane that forms around viruses and other pathogens, or damaged organelles such as peroxisomes or mitochondria, to form a vacuole
these autophagosomes fuse with the lysosomes to be digested. thus lysosomes contribute to immunity

Question 33

Residual Body

Answer 33

A Lysosome that contains undigested waste, may eliminate waste by exocytosis or accumulates within the cell as the cell ages.

Question 34

apoptosis by lysosomes

Answer 34

a break in the membrane of a lysosome causes apoptosis.

Question 35

Peroxisomes

Answer 35

• organelles containing enzymes that promote oxidative reactions
• specifically large and active in the liver
• important in the metabolism of amino acids and lipids and the production of bile acids
• Oxidize toxic molecules. like alcohol s oxidized by liver peroxisomes

Question 36

Oxidases

Answer 36

Enzymes that oxidize molecules. the H+ is transferred to O2 to form H2O2

Question 37

Catalase

Answer 37

enzyme within peroxisomes that prevents the excessive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide by catalyzing it into water and O2
- one of the fastest acting enzymes known. (fizzing when you pour H2O2 on wound)

Question 38

Cristae

Answer 38

folds within the inner membrane of the mitochondria hat project into the central area (or matrix)

Question 39

Mitochondria

Answer 39

• power house of the cell, cell gets most of energy from
• can reproduce themselves (have their own DNA)
• derived from the mother’s fertilized egg (all comes from mother)
• evolved from separate organism
• mutations in Mitochondrial DNA occur 10 X faster (due to superoxide radicals) but DNA codes for 1,500 mitochondrial proteins. thus mitochondrial diseases are produced from mutations in the nuclear DNA

Question 40

Ribosomes

Answer 40

protein factories

Question 41

Ribozymes

Answer 41

ribosomal RNA serve as enzymes in the reactions to synthesize a protein